Work Study
Prof. Dr. Orhan TORKUL
Arş. Gör. M. Raşit CESUR
Arş. Gör. Furkan YENER
Work Design and Organizational Success
•
•
Elementally, the ability of an organization to convert form input to output.
Productivity =
Effectivity
Output
Input
Innovation
Profitability
Efficiency
Productivity
Quality
Quality of
business life
(Organizational
success)
Method Study
•
Method study is a systematic approach to find out easier and better ways in
order to be success in a task.
•
5 steps for systematic approach in Method study;
1.
2.
3.
Select the work: Highest cost or lovest productivity works are prefered in generally.
Obtain and save the facts: Datas should save such as actual method and frequency of work
Examine the details: Actual method should examined, Some elemants could be removed or
modified.
Method Study
•
4.
5.
5 steps for systematic approach in Method study;
Improve better method and make tests: New method should be improved based on
changes and make tests.
Establish and sustain of the improvement: Improved method should be enhanced and
implemented.
Flow Process Diagrams/Charts
•
Flow work diagram contains all activities(operations, storages, inspection,
carrying and delays) in a process.
Process
Start
Specialist
Actual_____Proposed______
Steps
Man____ or Material _______
Stop
Date
Symbols
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
..
Flow Process Charts
Explanations
Two Handed Process Charts
•
Two Handed Process Chart could be used for analyze of work made by
someone at the spesific work center .
Two Handed Process Charts
Two Handed Process Charts
Operation________ Name _________ Date ___________
Actual _______________
Proposed ____________
Work place layout and product drawing (if it is necessary)
Left hand Activities
Symbols
Right Hand Activities
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
..
Two Handed Process chart
Two Handed Process Charts
Operation: (one) hand makes some efficient operation,
Transport: (one) hand moves from one place to another,
Delay
: Hand does nothing, waits,
Hold
: Hand keeps an object.
Other Schemas
•
•
•
•
•
Flow process chart : A flow diagram is basically a process flow diagram of the
facility was drawn with the goal of the configuration.
Multiple activity Schema: Multi - activity Schema shows at least two or more
objects, man and machine activities simultaneously.
Work Distrubition Schema: the list of everybody’s activities and
responsibilities in a departmant or group.
Operation Process Chart: Inessential work, inspection or storage are
eliminated and to obtain proper sequences of the these.
Gantt Schema: Gantt Schema is a horizontal timeline diagram which is used in
scheduling and it shows relative timeline of various activities.
Principles of Movement’s Economy
•
•
1.
2.
3.
4.
Thoughts and notions are proved of benefits when effective work procedure is
planning.
The following principles of movement’s economy list is taken from Mundel.
Remove
Combining
Redesign
Simplification
Human Engineering
•
•
•
Workers and machines can work together as a system to ensure more
effective and efficient human-machine interface design.
Today, thanks to human engineering, machinery may lowered or set up higher
position or completely re-designed and thus the worker and the machine can
be provided as a single system work better.
A good example of Human engineering is aircraft cockpit design.
Work Measurement
Under normal operating conditions and at a normal pace, and trained an
average person working 8 hours per day, a measure of the time required for
the fulfillment of the task.
1.
Normal Time
2.
Normal tempo
3.
Actual Time
4.
Tolerances
•
Standart Time Calculation
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Directly Time study
Time study’s standart datas
Pre-determined Time systems
Pre-determined Time systems standart datas
Work sampling
Direct Time Study
•
The actual time required to do a job, taking into account the tolerance
measure of the time directly.
Time Study Form
Performance Evaluation Calculations
OPERATION
AVERAGE
1
15
2
7
3
5
4
8
Total Actual Time
Success Evaluation =%115
Normal Time
Tolerances
Standart Time
=15+7+5+8=35
=(35)(1,15)=40,25
=%12
=(40,25)(1,12)=45,08
Normal Time = Actual Time X Success Evaluation
If operator performance is %90 or less than %10 from normal expectations, Normal time
colculates as following solution.
Normal Time = (35)(0,90) = 28,50
To suppose doing a study and personal needs constitute work days %4 and tiredness
effects the performance %5 and unavoidable delays accure %3 at time.
Tolerances = %4 + %5 + %3 = %12
We needs to add Tolerances to the Normal time in order to calculate the Standard time we
may find Standart time as follows.
Standart Time:(40,25)(1,12) = 45,08
Time Study’s Standart Datas
•
Time study’s standart data’s using the worths which are obtained from normal
time schedule previously.
Y
X
6 cm
8 cm
10 cm
12 cm
6 cm
0,025
0,026
0,026
0,027
8 cm
0,026
0,026
0,027
0,027
10 cm
0,027
0,028
0,028
0,029
12 cm
0,027
0,028
0,029
0,030
Pre-determined Time Table
•
•
Leave any parts of the job detail, various factors (weight, distance and etc.)
previously created by taking into consideration, when utilized as reference
values ​table is called a pre-determined time table.
Giving an object from one hand to another;
weight > 2 lb. X 0,454 kg.
Distance
Time
4 inch x 2,54 cm
0,00412 min
8 inch
0,00591 min
Work Sampling
Rate for the time spent on a specific type of activity, instantaneous
measurements made ​using the calculation of random variables is called work
sampling.
Percentage of Occurrence
A Facility
Accumulated percentage
•
=
𝑅𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐴 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑂𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠
10
8
Accumulated
Percentage
6
4
Standard
2
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Number of observations
9
10
Productivity Measurement
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•
O𝑟𝑔𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑧𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 = O𝑟𝑔𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑧𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡
O𝑟𝑔𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑧𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦
D𝑦𝑛𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥 =
𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟′ 𝑠 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡
𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟′ 𝑠 𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡
𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑐 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟′ 𝑠 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡
𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑐 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟′ 𝑠 𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡
Normal Productivity Measurement Model
1.
2.
3.
4.
Quiet contemplation
Cyclically to express thoughts
Intra-group netting
Voting
Multi-Factor Productivity Measurement Model
Basically, MFPMM have two ways that may affect the profitability of an
organization.
1.
Re-pricing
2.
Productivity Variation
THANKS