Water and Post-2015
Sustainable Development Goals
COREY REPASY
“The Future We Want”: Water and Sanitation

“We commit to the progressive realization of access to safe
and affordable drinking water and basic sanitation for all,
as necessary for poverty eradication, women’s
empowerment and to protect human health, and to
significantly improve the implementation of integrated
water resource management at all levels as appropriate.”
 Recognizes that water is linked to a
number of other global challenges
 Reaffirmed human right to safe drinking
water

“We stress the need to adopt measures to significantly
reduce water pollution and increase water quality,
significantly improve wastewater treatment and water
efficiency and reduce water losses.”
Millennium Development Goal Target 7C
 The Goal:
 Halve, by 2015, the proportion of the population without sustainable access to
safe drinking water and basic sanitation
 World has met target of halving proportion of people without access
to safe water 5 years in advance


Still far from providing universal access to clean and safe water
Have not achieved the sanitation goal
 2.5 billion people in developing countries remain without access to
an improved source of drinking water

WHO/UNCEF Joint Monitoring Program Definition of Improved water source:
“one that, by nature of its construction or through active intervention, is
protected from outside contamination, in particular from contamination with
faecal matter”

Access to water is defined as ‘the availability of at least 20 liters per person per
day from a source within one kilometer of the users’ dwelling’
•
Does not include time taken to collect water
The Report from the Open Working Group of the General
Assembly on Sustainable Development Goals
 “Water scarcity and water variability are becoming
more serious concerns with climate change, and so
sustainable water management needs to feature
prominently in the post-2015 development agenda”
 There is broad support for a water SDG that contains
all water concerns:








Universal and sustained access to safe water
Sanitation and hygiene
Sustainable development
Management and use of surface and groundwater
Resources respecting ecosystem requirements
Reduction of water pollution and collection and treatment of
used water and wastewater
Reduction of exposure and impacts from floods, droughts and
other water related disasters;
Enhanced water co-operation and improved water governance
 “Water is at the core of sustainable development in
that it is essential to many of the development
achievement goals including agriculture, health, and
education”
Water Supply Shortage: A Current Reality
 700 million people live in countries experiencing water stress or
scarcity.



When annual water supplies drop below 1,700 m3 per person, an area is
experiencing water stress
When it drops below 1,000 m3 per person, the population faces water scarcity
Below 500 cubic meters "absolute scarcity”
 More than 300 million people in Sub-Sahara Africa live in water-
scarce environments
 2/3 of the world’s population will live in water stressed
environments by 2025
 3.5 planets Earth would be needed to sustain a global
population achieving the current lifestyle of the average
European or North American.
Climate Change and its Effects on Water
 Higher temperatures and changes in extreme
weather conditions are projected to affect
availability and distribution of rainfall, snowmelt,
river flows and groundwater, and further
deteriorate water quality.
 If the global temperature increases by 3-4 degrees
Celsius, 1.8 billion people will live in water scarce
environments by 2080.
 In southern Africa, for example, scientists
anticipate a sharp decline in precipitation
between 10% and 20%
 Scientists predict there will be significant
reductions in the annual mean discharge by
the end of the century in some trans
boundary river basins,





Danube (decrease of 21.9%)
Euphrates (decrease of 38%)
Rhine (decrease of 13.3%)
Rio Grande (decrease of 26.7%),
Syr Darya (decrease of 10.3%)
Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene
 For MDG monitoring, “an improved
sanitation facility is defined as one that
hygienically separates human excreta
from human contact”
 Only 47% of the rural population in
developing countries uses improved
sanitation
 2.5 billion people or 1/3 of the world’s
population will remain without access to
improved sanitation in 2015
 Overall, nearly three million deaths
annually can be directly attributed to
inadequate and impure water, improper
sanitation, and improper hygiene
 On July 28, 2010, the United Nations
recognized the human right to water and
sanitation.
Water and Food Security
 Recent analyses show that countries which
face severe problems of hunger are also
characterized by lower levels of water security
 Agriculture accounts for 70% of all water
withdrawn by the agricultural, municipal and
industrial (including energy) sectors
 By 2050, food demand is expected to increase
by 60%
 Economic growth and individual wealth are
shifting diets from predominantly starchbased to meat and dairy, which require more
water.

Producing 1 kg rice, for example, requires about 3,500
L water, 1 kg beef some 15,000 L, and a cup of coffee
about 140 L.
Linkage Between Water, Food and Energy
 Energy generation and transmission requires utilization of
water resources, particularly for hydroelectric, nuclear, and
thermal energy sources
 The latest World Water Development Report (2012) predicts
that even a small increase in biofuel demand could push up
the water demand by as much as 20% of the water used for
agriculture worldwide.
 Water, energy, and food are all linked
 Agriculture is currently the largest user of water at the global level,
accounting for 70% of total withdrawal.
 The food production and supply chain accounts for about 30% of total
global energy consumption.
Water Security and Conflict
 Over 90% of the world’s population lives in countries that
share basins
 Transboundary lake and river basins cover nearly one half of
the Earth’s land surface and account for 60% of the global
freshwater flow.
 About 2 billion people worldwide depend on groundwater,
which includes approximately 300 transboundary aquifer
systems.

“UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon cautioned that water scarcity could
spell an increase in future conflicts, and added that ‘[p]opulation
growth will make the problem worse. So will climate change. As the
global economy grows, so will its thirst. Many more conflicts lie just
over the horizon.’”
Sources Used
 http://www.unwater.org/topics/water-in-the-post-2015-development




agenda/en/
http://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/3238summ
aryallowg.pdf
http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/66/288&
Lang=E
http://www.gwp.org/en/ToolBox/CRITICAL-CHALLENGES1/Waterand-Climate-Change/
Dar, Osman A and Khan. S Mishal. “Millennium development goals and
the water target: details, definitions and debate.” Accessed March 31,
2014.
Eckstein, Gabriel. “Water Scarcity, Conflict, and Security in a Climate
Change World: Challenges and Opportunities for International Law
and Policy.” Accessed April 1, 2014.
Health in the Post-2015
Development Agenda
Lou Goore
Background
• Sep 2011- Sep 2012
• UN System Task Team
• Post-2015 Consultation starts
• UN ”Realizing the Future We want for All”
• Rio + 20 summit in 2012 “The Future we want”
• Sep 2012 - Sep 2013
• UN High Level Panel formed
• First report mid-year 2013
• March 2014-April 2014
• Focus area document adopted and reviewed
• Indicative debate based on clusters related to
focus area document
Jan 2015, MDG Deadline and Post-2015
Negotiations start
19 Focus Areas
• Compendium of existing goals and targets
under the 19 Focus Areas being considered by the OWG.
•
The GSO has identified 4 areas that need closer attention:
• Health and population dynamics
• Food security and nutrition
• Water and sanitation
• Energy
• The GSO has identified 4 areas that need closer attention:
•
The importance of interlinkages
Health in the post-2015 agenda
Focus area 3. Health and population dynamics
“Achieving the highest attainable standard of
mental and physical health for all is a basic right”
-the Health and Population Dynamics Cluster within the NGO
Major Group
Economic
Social
Environmental
Health as “a precondition for, and an Outcome and
indicator of all three dimensions of sustainable
development.”
Interlinkages
Heath & population dynamics and food security& nutrition
Population dynamics
Population growth
Urbanization
Migration
Age structure
Food security and
nutrition
Availability of food
Access to food
Use and Utilization of
available food
Stability
Inadequate nutrition
Obesity issues
Sources: Adopted from GTZ
Interlinkages
Heath & population dynamics and Water & sanitation
Water
quality:
Contaminati
on by
pathogens
Chemical
pollution
(e.g. arsenic,
fluoride)
Sanitation:
lack of
access of
formal water
and
sanitation
services
Health outcomes
•
Water
Quantity
Insufficient
quantity of
safe water
available for
drinking,
cooking and
domestic
hygiene
Pathogenic
contamination
Diarrhoeal diseases
Typhoid
•
Chemical contamination
Arsenicocis
Fluorosis
•
Hygiene related
diseases
trachoma
scabies
Source: adopted from WHO
Interlinkages
Heath & population dynamics and Energy
Energy provides life-sustaining and health-promoting goo
• Energy climate change Health
• Energy  Pollution  Health
• Energy  Climate change Population dynamics  Food &
What have been achieved so far?
Three of the eight MDGs are health goals.
• Key successes
• Dramatic reductions in child mortality
• Access to antiretroviral drugs,
• Significant impact of vaccine programmes
• controlling (and in some countries eliminating) malaria
• Key failures
• goals related to nutrition, water, sanitation and hygiene,
and access to essential medicines
• Countries with the least successful results were the ones
facing economical hardship and poor governance.
Lack of equity is one of the most significance shortcoming
of health MDGs
Moving forward
• Equity , Human rights , Democracy , Government
• Goals and target:
• Forward-looking
• Promote human rights for all, including the right to health for
People of all ages and abilities
• Focus on the poorest and most vulnerable and marginalized
populations
• Policies to support health and development throughout The life
course
• By including health-‐sensitive indicators across all sustainable
development dimensions
• Linkage between health and development should be made
clearer
• Global partnership
• Financing
Moving forward
Analysis
• Unfinished business
• Goal 4: Decrease child mortality rate.-Replace it by decrease mortality
rate at all stages of life.
• Goal 5: improve maternal health.
• Goal 6: To combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases. We should
replace by:
To combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and non-communicable diseases.
• Global partnership–Avoid fragmentation and duplication-promote effective
use of resources
• Using Health as an indicator for development-measuring data
• Focus on wellbeing ( treatment and prevention)
• Financing
• official development assistance(ODA)
• Domestic resource mobilization(empowering the youth, taxes)
• Private sector(Bank loans, remittances)
• Technology—Mobile tech; entrepreneurship ; start-up
POST 2015 DEVELOPMENT AGENDA:
FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION
Millennium Development Goal 1 Eradication
of Extreme Poverty and Hunger
 Target 1.C:
Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the
proportion of people who suffer from hunger
 The region of South East Asia has
accomplished this goal ahead of time and the
global hunger reduction proportion is within
reach.
 Post 2015 to focus on sustainable production
and further reduction of hunger.

ISSUES
“Good nutrition is a pre-condition for a healthy and
productive life; malnutrition in all of its forms
imposes high economic, social and human
development costs on individuals, households,
communities and countries”
 Access to food is still a problem in the world;
According to the FAO around 845 million people
suffered from hunger from 2011-2013.
 Malnutrition is still very prevalent in the world in a
variety of ways including lack of access to food
that is safe, diverse and nutritious.

ISSUES (CONTINUED)

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Food chains are changing and this has caused a “nutrition
transition” where countries face rising obesity levels but still
face the challenge of undernutrition. This is also referred to
as the double burden.
In developing countries the national food laws and control
systems are inadequate which causes food quality and
safety to be lacking.
Agriculture production and food systems should be made
more resilient to withstand economic and environmental
shocks.
Food production is not produced in a sustainable manner
and should be produced with limited energy resources.
WHO IS INVOLVED
UN Member Countries,
 UN bodies like FAO, WFP, and IFAD
 Various NGO’s
 Private Sector
 Agriculture Research Networks

ZERO HUNGER CHALLENGE



Purpose: This requires comprehensive efforts to ensure that
every man, woman and child enjoy their Right to Adequate
Food; women are empowered; priority is given to family
farming; and food systems everywhere are sustainable and
resilient.
It allows individuals, NGO’s, Businesses, and governments to
get involved with the process.
Goals of this initiative include: Zero stunted children less
than 2 years( Working with the SUN Movement), 100%
access to adequate food all year round , all food systems are
sustainable, 100% increase in smallholder productivity and
income, and zero loss or waste of food
CONSERVATION AGRICULTURE
Conservation agriculture (CA) “is an approach to managing agroecosystems for improved and sustained productivity, increased
profits and food security while preserving and enhancing the
resource base and the environment.”
Three Principles:
 Continuous minimum mechanical soil disturbance.


Permanent organic soil cover.
Diversification of crop species grown in sequences and/or
associations.
Benefits Include:
 More sustainable production, less pollution, higher efficiency,

RELATION TO ENERGY

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Energy is linked to food security because the lack of energy prevents
the eradication of hunger and malnutrition
Food systems need to transition away from fossil fuel dependence so
more and higher quality food with less and better energy can be
produced in a sustainable way.
“Energy-Smart Food for People and Climate” is a FAO multi-partner
program that aims to support stakeholders in improving energy
efficiency, increasing the use of renewable energy, and improving
access to modern energy services in food systems.
Energy is important for sustainability in terms of long term agriculture
production. The use of energy in food systems is not sustainable as
one third of food is lost or wasted and with it 38% of the energy used
in food systems.
Bioenergy possible solution as it is derived from biofuels. However
there is a debate on whether crops should be turned into biofuels
RELATION TO HEALTH
Malnutrition directly related to health if individuals
do not have any access to health care or have
inadequate healthcare.
 Another important relation is inadequate
education on healthy eating habits for adults and
children.
 The availability of nutritious food also poses a
health risk either by the nutritious or variety of
nutritious food is unavailable or it is more
expensive than other food options.

RELATION TO WATER
Lack of access to clean water can lead to diarrhea
which leads to malnutrition.
 Polluted water can also lead to lower quality crops.
 Agriculture uses large quantities of water in an
unsustainable pattern to grow crops.
 Water allocation and management in the
agriculture sector needs to be redesigned to be
more efficient and one method could be to
modernize agriculture practices.

RELATION TO TRADE

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Food supply chains are changing as the way people produce
and process foods change. Trade can influence this process
and potentially improve the double burden nutrition crisis.
The quality and safety of food can be influenced by trade if
countries are held to an international standard.
Trade can help make sustainable energy sources a feasible
option for making food production sustainable.
It can also make food more accessible through economic
development.
However there is the reverse argument that trade creates
technical barriers for the agricultural sectors of countries.
SOURCE MATERIAL

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
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
http://www.worldwewant2015.org/food2015
http://www.post2015hlp.org/about/
http://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/index.php?menu=1534
http://www.fao.org/post-2015-mdg/home/en/
http://www.fao.org/post-2015-mdg/14-themes/energy/en/
http://www.un.org/en/zerohunger/challenge.shtml
http://www.fao.org/post-2015-mdg/14-themes/nutrition/en/
http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/news.shtml
http://unctad.org/en/Pages/About%20UNCTAD/Post-2015.aspx
http://www.fao.org/post-2015-mdg/mdg/goal-1/en/
http://www.fao.org/ag/ca/1a.html
http://www.ifad.org/governance/post2015/index.htm
Energy Challenges
At The Post 2015 Agenda
Mano Sakayan
Global Social Observatory
Overview
Commitment
Energy: at the base of everything
Universal access to energy
The move towards sustainable energy
Is renewable energy cost effective?
Energy storage
The interaction between the private sector,
NGOs (including youth), governments
Promotion of regional cooperation
Links between energy and water
Links between energy and health
Links between energy and food security
Commitment
Momentum and commitment are growing.
Energy and sustainable development have
become a political priority for all
2 issues: “Access” and “Waste and Pollution”
1/5 of the planet lacks access to electricity.
Major barrier to eradicating poverty and
building shared prosperity.
Energy is at the base of
everything
2014-2024: the UN Decade of “Sustainable Energy for
All.”
Global initiative to achieve universal energy access,
improve energy efficiency, and increase the use of
renewable energy.
Energy lies at the heart of all countries’ core challenges:
poverty, clean water, food security, climate change,
women’s and youth empowerments, security concerns,
public health, education and economic growth.
Universal access to modern energy
services
Access to electrification, thermal energy, clean cooking
facilities and fuels  crucial for poverty reduction and
equitable growth.
Expansion of access should be prioritized according to
countries’ specific circumstances.
Availability, acceptability, affordability and quality of
energy services for the most marginalized and vulnerable
SMEs and civil society can drive action in energy access.
Moving towards sustainable energy
Technologies that promote sustainable energy include
renewable energy sources (hydroelectricity, solar energy,
wind energy, wave power, geothermal energy, artificial
photosynthesis, tidal power) and also technologies
designed to improve energy efficiency.
Internationally agreed goal of max 2C max. global
temperature rise
This transition is one of the greatest investment
opportunities of the 21st century
Are renewable sources of energy
cost effective?
Countries with large amounts of renewable
generation face the highest energy prices in the
rich world.
Despite the lure of government subsidies, there
are still too few companies making renewable
capacities’ equipment.
Supply-chain
bottlenecks
have
frustrated
governments scrabbling to install new renewable
capacities.
Energy storage is a solution
Energy storage – both electricity and thermal – can
decouple supply from demand, increase system flexibility
and improve reliability.
Storage could play a key role in coming decades in
facilitating the expansion of variable renewable energy.
China, India, the EU and the US should invest at least USD
380 billion* in new electricity storage capacity by 2050 to
support decarbonisation.
*Source: IEA
Research, development and
initiatives in sustainable energy
Research and development from governments and the
private sector would drive technological innovation and
reduce the cost of clean energy technologies.
This should come from public and private sectors (think
tanks, universities, laboratories, initiatives)
As costs for clean energy technologies fall, these
alternatives become attractive economically all over the
globe.
Civil society and youth
must drive this change
Fundamental roles of civil society and youth in identifying,
advocating, and monitoring public policy and business
action.
They can lead to social innovation and grassroots action,
champion behavioral change and help spread best
practices.
Creating enabling environments
Governments must establish their own clear targets and
strategies
They should design and implement a set of national policies,
regulations and financial environments
International support must build on national ownership, the
right to self-determination and complement local efforts and
fiscal resources
Enabling conditions should also be designed to support bottomup approaches.
Promoting regional cooperation
among stakeholders
Promoting regional cooperation among stakeholders
leads to better performance and reduces costs
Energy infrastructure
complex
is
becoming
increasingly
Need for harmonization of practices and infrastructure
interconnection on a regional level
How are energy and water
linked to each other?
Energy is needed for the collection, transportation and
treatment of water.
Water is required in the production and extraction of fossil
fuels.
Droughts make energy shortages worse, while lack of
electricity reduces farmers' ability to irrigate their fields.
Addressing the Energy-Water Collision
How are energy and health linked to
each other?
Energy provides life-sustaining and health-promoting goods,
from the electricity that powers our lives, to the fuel that
transports us from one place to another.
Each stage in the life cycle of fossil fuels carries multiple
hazards for our health and the environment.
Rising sea levels, floods, droughts, and heat waves are
becoming more common, entire communities are seeking
refuge away from their homes  Displaced Populations
Energy poverty threatens health care for the poorest
How are energy and food security
linked to each other?
Poor water management practices contribute to
depletion and degradation of land & water resources.
Improved water management plays a vital role in
increasing food production and reducing food
insecurity.
Biofuels based on crops compete with food crops for
land and water resources.
How are energy and food security
linked to each other?
Energy from hydropower both facilitates and hampers food
production:
1. hydropower dams are often multi-functional and reservoirs
serve turbines as well as irrigated land
2. but because energy generation is usually of higher value
than agriculture, energy gets priority over food production.
Agriculture is water and energy intensive: pumping
groundwater for agriculture takes considerable amounts of
energy (4-6% of total GHG emissions in India*)
*Source: UNESCO – Institute for Water Education
Financing for Sustainable
Development
in Post-2015 Development Agenda
GSO 10th Anniversary Event
History: from Monterrey to Busan
 Monterrey Consensus
 Adopted in 2002
 The major reference point for international
development cooperation.
 6 areas of Financing for Development
History: from Monterrey to Busan
 2008: Doha Declaration on Financing for Development
 Reaffirms the goals and commitments of the Monterrey
Consensus
 New Challenges and Opportunities
 2011: Busan Conference
 4th High-Level Forum on Aid Effectiveness
 Ownership of development for priorities by developing
countries
Intergovernmental Committee of Experts
on Sustainable Development Financing
 Intergovernmental Committee of Experts on
Sustainable Development Financing (ICESDF)
 An intergovernmental committee
 30 experts nominated by regional groups
 Equitable geographical representation
 A Working Group on Financing for Sustainable
Development has been set up under the UN System Task
Team (UNTT) to support
Intergovernmental Committee of Experts
on Sustainable Development Financing
 December 2013
 Domestic and international policy environments and
their level of coherence
 Financing needs are large, and quantifying these needs
are highly complex
 All types of flows: public and private, international and
domestic – reinforcing
 ODA will remain crucial, but it alone will not be
sufficient
ICESDF March Meeting
Voices from Multi-stakeholders (I)
 Asia Pacific Forum on Women, Law
and Development
 UN Major Group for Children and
Youth
 International Chamber of Commerce
Credit: un.org
ICESDF March Meeting
Voices from Multi-stakeholders (II)
 Address the multiple, interrelated crises of finance,
environment, and inequality
 Importance of international legal and institutional
framework, and rule of law
 Eliminate illicit flow of funds and tax avoidance &
havens
 Consensus-building through multi-stakeholder dialogue
to create enabling business environment
Going Forward
 First High-Level Meeting of the Global Partnership for
Effective Development Co-operation (GPEDC)
 15-16 April 2014 in Mexico City
 Financing for inclusive and sustainable development:
from Monterrey to Rio+20
 Committed to Paradigm Shift from aid effectiveness to
effective development cooperation
GPEDC 2014
 Upholding the Busan principles: inclusiveness, and
transparency and mutual accountability
 Ownership of priorities by developing countries
 Inclusive partnerships and development
 Supporting transition to resilience of fragile and conflictaffected states
 Middle Income Countries (MICs): diverse and complex
 South-South and Triangular Cooperation
Challenges and Opportunities
 Domestic resource mobilization
 Emerging donors: reducing complexity?
 Private finance for development: how to unlock private
investment?
 Innovative financing
 Recourses for Infrastructure (RfI): desirable?
 Climate change and development finance
 Improve coverage, coherence, consistency, and
efficiency
Main Sources of Financing for SD
 Households
 Governments (local and national)
 Official Development Assistance (ODA)
 South-South Cooperation (SSC)
 Private flows (domestic and external)
 Innovative sources of finance for development
 Finance for global public goods, particularly climate
change
Large Financing Needs
Sector
Annual additional financing
requirement
(2010-2025 or 2030)
Universal health coverage
$37 billion
Water and sanitation
$26.8 billion
Sustainable Energy access
energy
Renewable energy
$34 billion
Food security
$50.2 billion
$400-$900 billion
Source: Paying for progress: how will emerging post-2015 goals be financed in
the new aid landscape? Overseas Development Institute 2013
Financing – Health
 Goal: Universal Healthcare Coverage (UHC)
 Household out-of-pocket expenditures:
 raise additional revenue: little evidence
 discourage service usage
 African governments committed 15% of their budgets,
but rarely reached
 ODA to health care: falling trend
 Private sector as healthcare provider: requires public
sector to link low-income households
Financing – Water and Sanitation
 Goal: Universal coverage of water supply and sanitation
(WATSAN)
 Households contributed an average of 44% (WHO and UN
Water Report, 2012).
 Low-income households will need support to ensure
access to a basic level of water supply
 Governments need to increase their own allocations:
 African countries should spend 4.5% of GDP on WATSAN
 Private sector can bridge but cannot close the gap
Financing – Agriculture & Food Security
 Goal: Zero Hunger Challenge
 Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia
 Household: farming households’ savings and fixed
capital as the main sources. However, limits exist.
 Countries with high level of poverty and hunger: limits
to what households can be expected to invest
 FAO estimated that about 75% of the investments
required to end hunger by 2025 will have to come from
the developing country private sector, but investments
by governments need to be scaled up
Financing – Sustainable Energy
 To guarantee sustainable energy for all (SE4ALL
spending):
 Additional $34 billion annually, $14 billion to $48 billion per
year between 2010 and 2030
 Renewable energy spending:
 $400 billion-$900 billion increase over and above the
current spending of $1.3 trillion annually
Financing – Sustainable Energy
 Source of financing:
 Electricity tariffs charged to middle- and higher-income
household and business users should aim at full cost
recovery
 South-South Cooperation necessary for financing and
technology transfer
 Private flow: potentially significant for achieving targets