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Where is Greece?
• Sunny Greece is
1,500 miles from
England.
• It’s capital city is
Athens
• It is famous for its
beautiful beaches and
sea!
Geographical
Features
Greece is located in the Northern Hemisphere
on the continent of Europe. It is a Peninsula.
The three bodies of water which surround
Greece are the Mediterranean Sea, the
Aegean Sea, and the Ionian Sea.
Greece has a rugged coastline with 437
islands surrounding it. Most of the land is
rocky and mountainous with only 1/4 of the
land suitable for farming.
The Aegean World
• Peninsulas – 3 sides of Water
– Largest are the Attica (Athens) and
Peloponnesus (Sparta).
• Islands – Surrounded by water
– Crete and Rhodes are the largest islands of
Greece.
Mountainous Islands
• Limited transportation and communication have
made the country difficult to unite.
– Mt. Olympus is the highest peak
• Small separate communities formed because of
this. – Sheep, goats, olives, figs.
• Each had independence and resisted outside
interference.
Ancient Greece - terrain
• No part of Greece is
more than about forty
miles from the coast
(a couple of days
walking).
• There are lots of
islands surrounding
Greece.
Soil and plants
• However, other parts of Ancient
Greece had drier soil and less
vegetation, particularly around
the cities.
• Although surrounded by sea
water, they found it difficult to
find fresh water away from the
valleys.
• The high mountains also
prevented large-scale farming,
so the Greeks were forced to
look beyond their own country
for fertile land.
Volcanic Activity
• Another important aspect
of the Greek environment
is that it is very unstable.
• Greece is in the middle of
a volcanic zone, between
the European and
African tectonic plates.
Ancient Greece
• In Ancient Greece,
the different cities
were at war with each
other.
• The most fearsome
fighters came from
the town of Sparta.
Importance of the Sea
• Sea was a good source for food.
• Sea was important for travel.
– Traveling by sea was much easier than traveling
through the rough land.
• Trireme – Major sailing vessel
– Powered by 3 oarsmen
– Greek merchants sailed in triremes to exchange
goods for fish, timber, grains, and meat.
Athenian Trireme Reproduced
Mediterranean Colonies
• Colony – settlement of a group of people.
• Greeks competed with Phoenicians (also sea
travelers of the Mediterranean) for colonies
throughout the Mediterranean region.
– They competed to gain control of useful places.
Exchange of Ideas
• Greeks learned to write from the
Phoenician culture.
• Phoenician alphabet of 22 symbols.
• Greeks learned the symbols by interacting
with the Phoenicians.
Adaptations
• Same language and culture despite
differences.
• Adopted Coined Money – Lydians
– Gave rise to strong merchant class.
– Began to challenge nobles and demand a
greater say in government.
Minoan Civilization
• Great trading power located on island of
Crete
• Knossos – palace city of Minoans
– 800 rooms
– No defensive walls
– Great drainage system
– Frescoes – wall paintings
Achaean Civilization
• Invaded Greece from the North – 2000 B.C.
• Osmosis of Greek Ideas/Thought
• Palaces & Tombs
• Tributes
• Art – jewelry, pottery, tools
The Trojan War
• The Trojan War actually occurred: The city of
Troy fell into the hands of the Greeks.
• Archaeologists have found historical evidence
of the war.
• Was it exactly as told in The Iliad?
– No. It was probably fought over commerce and
trade between Greece and Asia Minor.
– But Homer’s version (The Iliad) is more exciting.
– Some of the characters may have been based on
real personalities.
Homer
• Blind poet who roamed
– Told his people the myths of the Gods
– Epics – Homer’s detailed poems
• The Iliad and The Odyssey are two well known epics that
tell about the war b/t the Greeks and the Trojans.
• Among the oldest works of literature.
What’s a Trojan?
• A person from Troy
• One who shows qualities like those of the
soldiers who defended ancient Troy:
endurance, toughness, determined energy
Where’s Troy?
• Troy is across the
Aegean Sea from
Greece.
• A well-walled city
with broad streets
and beautiful
palaces…until the
Trojan War.
When?
• The beginning of the 12th century B.C.
• 1193 – 1184 B.C.
Who?
• Greece (Achaeans)
– Achilles
• Greatest Greek Warrior
– King Agamemnon
– Patroclus
• Fought for Achilles
– Odysseus
• Wooden horse
– Menelaus
• Helen’s Husband
• Brother of Agamemnon
• Troy (Trojans)
– Hector
• Greatest Trojan Warrior
– King Priam
• Father of Hector and
Paris
– Paris
• Helen’s Abductor
• Priam’s Son
With whom did the gods side?
• Greeks
– Hera – Zeus’ Wife
– Poseidon - Sea
– Athena - War
• Trojans
– Apollo - Sun
– Aphrodite - Love
Zeus tries to remain neutral, but he shows empathy
for Priam and Hector (Trojans).
How did it start?
• Eris, goddess of discord, was not invited to a
wedding banquet on Mt. Olympus.
• Into the banquet hall, Eris tossed a golden apple
inscribed “For the Fairest.”
• Athena, Hera, and Aphrodite asked Zeus to
decide who deserved the apple.
• Zeus would not choose. (He’s no fool!)
• Zeus says Paris is an excellent judge of beauty,
and refers the goddesses to him.
The Judgment of Paris
• Paris was the son of King Priam of Troy.
• He was rather weak and cowardly.
• Priam had sent him away from Troy because a
prophecy said that he would be the ruin of the
city.
• When the goddesses appeared to him, they
each offered him a bribe:
– Athena would make him a great warrior.
– Hera would make him ruler of Europe and Asia.
– Aphrodite would give him the most beautiful woman in
the world.
Whom did he choose?
• Paris gave the apple
to Aphrodite.
• She then took Paris
to Helen, the most
beautiful woman in
the world.
• Hera and Athena,
however, vowed
revenge.
Helen
• Helen was a daughter of Zeus.
• She was the wife of Menelaus.
• Menelaus was the brother of the Greek
King, Agamemnon.
• See the problem?
Paris takes Helen
The Greeks Respond
• Menelaus asks all of Greece to help.
• Greek armies set off across the sea to lay
siege to Troy and leave it in ashes.
• And so begins the Trojan War.
• Helen is often referred to as “The Face
that Launched a Thousand Ships.”
Odysseus and Achilles Join Late
• Odysseus didn’t want to fight for Helen.
– He thought her a faithless woman.
– He did not want to leave his home (Ithaca).
• Achilles was kept back by his mother.
– His mother knew that he was going to die at Troy.
– She had dipped him in the river Styx to try and give
him immortality. (She held him by the heel.)
• Both of these great Greek warriors were later
called (forced) into battle where they played
important roles in many battles.
The Battle Rages
• Due to the influence of various gods and
goddesses, the war went back and forth
for many years.
• For details of the war, read the epic poem
by Homer called The Iliad, a word which
means “a series of disastrous events.”
Agamemnon
• Leader of all Greek forces during Trojan
War
• Sacrificed his daughter to Artemis in order
to get favorable winds for the ships to sail
to Troy
• Offended Achilles by taking his “prize”
after one battle
Achilles Pouts
• Because Agamemnon offended him,
Achilles refused to fight.
• Then things went badly for the Greeks,
and they begged him to return.
• He allowed his friend Patroclus to fight in
his place, wearing his armor.
• Patroclus was killed by Hector (who
thought it was Achilles).
Achilles Returns
• Enraged over the death of Patroclus,
Achilles returns to battle.
• His mother procures for him some new
armor.
• He kills Hector and desecrates the body.
Achilles Relents
• King Priam sneaks into the Greek camp
and begs Achilles to give him Hector’s
body so that his son may have proper
funeral rites.
• Achilles allows Priam to take the body.
• After Hector’s death, Achilles does not
have long to live.
The Death of Achilles
• Achilles was unconquerable by mortal
men, but Apollo stepped in.
• Apollo guided Paris’s arrow into the only
weak spot Achilles had: his heel.
• Achilles dies from the wound.
• The remaining Greeks decide his divine
armor should go to the bravest remaining
warrior.
Odysseus Wins
• Odysseus makes a speech explaining why
he deserves it, and he is awarded the
armor of Achilles.
• He then devises the final plan to end the
Trojan War.
The Trojan Horse
• The Greeks
pretend to retreat,
leaving behind a
large wooden
horse.
• The Trojans, in
celebration, drag
the horse inside
their city as a war
prize.
The Trojan Horse
Odysseus and many other Greek warriors are
hiding inside the horse.
The Fall of Troy
• They wait until the Trojans are asleep, and
then they come out and slaughter them.
• The Trojan War is ended.
• The Greeks won.
• The Trojans lost.
• Odysseus is the greatest hero remaining
alive…but now he has to get home…
The Odyssey Begins…
• The story of The Odyssey is about
Odysseus’ journey home (to Ithaca) after
the Trojan War.
Government
City States
• At first ruled by a monarchy
(government headed by a
king), they later became
ruled by the upper class or
aristocracies, finally
tyranny took over
(government ruled by an
individual or tyrant, who
seizes power by force),
tyranny did not last long
and democracy took its
place.
Birth of Democracy
• In early times, Athens was governed by a
Monarchy.
– Monarchy – a system of government ruled by a king
or queen. – Ruler called a Monarch.
• Tyranny – was the next form of government.
– Ruler was chosen by soldiers and was forced to
obey their wishes to stay in power. Very Unpopular.
Oligarchy
• Government ruled by a few people
(members of rich and powerful families).
• Many Athenians also thought this type of
government was unfair.
Democracy
• After several types of governments failed,
Athens formed a democracy.
• Government run by the people.
• Athens was the world’s first democracy.
• Assembly – lawmaking body in a democracy.
– In Athens, the assembly was made up of male
citizens over the age of 18.
The Polis
• 750 B.C. Greece was made up of more
than 200 city-states (all independent)
• Polis – Greek City State
– Each polis had its own government
– Most powerful – Sparta and Athens
Acropolis
• Greek word meaning “high city”
• A hill-top fortress which is one of the
world’s most magnificent landmarks.
• Citizens met at the acropolis to discuss
affairs.
– Largest building was the Parthenon.
Government
• Born in Athens between 508 B.C.
Greek Democracy
and 338 B.C.
• Once every ten years the male
citizens met in an assembly.
• Each man was allowed to speak,
to propose laws, and to vote.
• Women, foreigners, and slaves
were not considered citizens and
were not allowed to assemble.
Athens
• Located on the Attica Peninsula
– Athenians named the city for the goddess
Athena. – Grew as a center of trade.
– Athenians were the most skillful sailors.
– Did not have a strict military life – Athenians
believed in living freely.
Life in Athens
• Agora – Central marketplace of the city.
– Surrounded by shops, temples, and
government buildings.
– Marketplace
• Fruit, vegetables, bread, fish, cheese, pottery, toys,
cloth, jewelry, and many other goods.
Early Government
• Archons – three officials ruled with their
own interests above those of the polis.
• Citizens met, but those that were not
nobles were powerless – Citizenship was
an issue.
• Small Farmers = Debt Slavery = Upset
– Gave rise to middle class upheaval
Foundations of Democracy
• Draco = Archon = Written code of laws.
– Death penalty for many offenses.
– All laws public
– Judges had to apply laws equally
Beginnings of Reform
• Solon
– Abolished debt slavery
– Freed citizens that were forced into slavery
– Limited amount of land one could own
– Extended citizenship to some artisans from
other cities
– Kept prices down and cut down on selling
grain abroad
Solon’s Result
• Citizens obtained right to approve
government decisions.
• Milder law code enforced.
– Land owners served as jurors
Land Ownership
• Land Ownership was basis of power.
• Landless citizens could not hold many
official positions, and families that were
freed of slavery could not afford to buy
land.
Cleisthenes’ Reforms
• All citizens, regardless of owning land,
took part in the Assembly.
• Granted citizenship to immigrants and
former slaves.
• Set up council of 500 citizens over age 30
to propose and administer laws.
Ostracism
• Invented under Cleisthenes
– Temporary exile of a citizen from the city.
– If person was a threat, people would vote on a
piece of pottery to ostracize him.
– 6,000 votes = 10 years
Athenian Citizenship
• Citizenship was a privilege & responsibility
• At 18, men took an oath to defend the city & its
gods for 2 years. After this, they became
citizens and took their place in the Assembly
• Athenian education prepared men for
citizenship. – Public Speaking, Religion, War,
and Sports.
Women in Greece
• No political or legal rights. Could not hold
office, own property, or go to the Assembly.
• Strict seclusion, marriage chose by parents.
• Husbands and wives lived separate.
Sparta
•
•
•
•
•
Located on Southern tip of Peloponnesus
Military State
Little trade with others
No colonies
Gained wealth by conquering other citystates.
Sparta
• Strong military state to suppress the slaves of
Sparta. 201 Ratio
– Helots – Slaves that were conquered by Spartans
• Monarchy headed by 2 kings and 28 elder
advisors.
– Each year 5 overseers of daily life were selected.
Spartan way of life.
• Strong military state dominated all
interests.
• Strict discipline & loyalty.
– Boys taught military skills at a very young age.
– At 20, soldiers married & lived in barracks.
– Each soldier was provided land and slaves.
– Women – Obedience and loyalty to fathers
and husbands.
Spartan Way of Life
• Boys spent time reading and writing.
– Expected to give short answers. Laconian…
– Women took part in public group exercises and
military drills. Also participated in gymnastics.
– Art and literature had no place in Spartan life.
– Would not let people leave the city and would not use
coined money.
The Persian Wars
Greece’s Finest Hours
Where is Persia?
Herodotus
• Wrote the only account in history of the
wars fought by the Greeks and the
Persians.
• Imagine a war fought today with only one
person recording the events as they
happened?
Why did the Persians invade Greece?
In 519 B.C. the Persians
conquered a group of people who
lived in Asia Minor called the
Ionian Greeks.
In 499 B.C. the Ionian
Greeks asked the mainland
Greeks to help them rebel
against the Persians.
Why? Democracy!
Athens sent warships to help
them, but they were not strong
enough to defeat the Persian
army.
This made the Persian King, Darius, very angry
with Greece.
Who were the Ionian Greeks?
• Known as some of the best traders in the
Mediterranean.
• Always were looking for better prices.
• Like Democracy and the idea of
representing themselves. Darius did not
give them that opportunity.
Crushing the Revolt
• Emperor Darius of Persia crushed the
revolt rather quickly
• He decided to punish Athens for helping
the colonies
• After training for a few years Darius sent
troops to invade Greece
How to get to the fight?
Darius has 2 options:
• By land, supported
logistically by the navy.
• By sea, with an
amphibious landing.
– Persian strength – Army
– Direct route
– Not limited on the number
of troops
– Persia is not a naval
power.
– Long, difficult, time
consuming route.
– Size of invasion force
limited by transport
capacity.
In 490 B.C. Darius sent 600 ships and thousands of soldiers to invade
Greece. He wanted to punish the Athenians for helping the rebels.
The Persians greatly
outnumbered the
Greeks.
The Persians were
amazed at the strong
will of the small
Athenian force.
They had no horses
or archers, only
fierce foot soldiers.
Persian
Empire
Athens
Sparta
Marathon
A Serious Mismatch
• Persian troops—100,000
• Athenian troops—20,000
• Did Athens really have any hope against
these odds?
The Battle of Marathon
• Athens asked Sparta to help, but Spartan
troops would not arrive for 9 days (they
were in the middle of religious festivals)
• Other jealous city-states decided not to
help Athens against the Persian Empire
• So Athens took on the mighty Persian
Empire by themselves
Conduct of the Battle
• Athenians attack Persians on the beach.
– They extend the phalanx, reinforce the flanks and thin their
center.
– Persians push through the weakened Greek center.
– The strong Greek flanks destroy the lightly armed Persian
flanks, and collapse on the Persian center (double
envelopment).
– Hand-to-hand combat = decisive victory for Athenians.
Battle of Marathon (490 BCE)
Marathon--Phases of Battle
Victory
• The Athenian army was well-trained and
did not break formation as they charged
the Persian lines
• The organized charge surprised the large
but scattered (and poorly organized)
Persian army
A Slaughter
• The Athenian army almost drove the
Persians back to the sea
• Final tally
– Persians—6,400 dead
– Athens—192 dead
– Darius returned to Persia never to return to
Greece
Connection to the Past
• The modern marathon has its roots in the Battle
of Marathon
• A Greek soldier, Phidippides, ran from Marathon
to Athens (26 miles) to tell the Athenians of the
Greek victory and to warn them that the
Persians may try to attack
• Phidippides died from exhaustion after delivering
his message
• Today’s 26 mile marathon races remember his
heroic act of martyrdom
Back for Revenge
• The Persian Emperor Darius never returned,
but his son Emperor Xerxes did in 480 B.C.
• Xerxes said, “No democracy on my watch”
• They brought even more men this time around
Relating the Past to Today
• Has there ever been a time where a father has lost a
war and his son has gone back to defeat the same
people?
• Why do people fight?
– Pride
– Ambition
– Imperialistic
Greed
Protector
Opportunist
– Scapegoat??? Weak Opponents?
Xerxes’ Route
Persia Invades Greece
• The Persian army had little trouble as it moved
through northern Greece.
• It came to a narrow mountain pass called
Thermopylae, there 7,000 Greeks waited for the
Persians. The pass was the only way to access the rest
of Greece from the north.
• For several days they stopped the Persian army from
moving forward
A Small Spartan force of about 300 men commanded by King Leonidas,
guarded the mountain pass of Thermopylae.
They held out heroically against he enormous Persian force for three days.
They were betrayed when someone told the Persians how to get in behind
the army.
They were defeated, but won valuable time for the rest of the Greeks.
Here come the Persians
• The Persians poured into Greece
• They got their revenge by wreaking havoc
• They even burned Athens to the ground
• What were the Greeks to do?
The Battle of Salamis
• As their city-state burned, the Athenian
people and the army escaped to the island
of Salamis
• Salamis was one mile to the southwest of
Athens. Themistocles was the
commander of the Athenian Fleet of Ships
Salamis or Corinth?
• Themistocles wanted to stay at Salamis
• Other Greek commanders wanted to go to
the Isthmus of Corinth so they had a way
of retreating.
• Themistocles sent a messenger to tell
Xerxes of their plan.
Xerxes acts quickly
• Hearing that the Greeks are going to
retreat to a colony of theirs in Italy, Xerxes
decides to act swiftly.
• Xerxes and his men surround the Greeks
at Salamis.
Who won at Salamis?
The Greek fleet
consisted of 380
Ships (Trireme’s)
Debate was whether
to stay or go from
Salamis to the
Isthmus of Corinth.
Thermopylae
Salamis
Athens
More than 600
Persian ships
attacked the
Athenian navy
near the island.
The large Persian ships could not maneuver in the water.
The smaller Greek ships destroyed them.
Athenian Trireme
Why Salamis?
• Themistocles argued
– 1. Persians will have an advantage in open
water.
– 2. If Greeks moved, they would not fight
together.
– 3. If they moved, over half of the fleet would
return go to their colony in Italy.
The Final Battle
• The Battle of Plataea
• The Greeks and Persians at equal strength
• Athens and Sparta fought side by side
• Greek military superiority won out and Persia
retreated for good.
How did the Greeks do it?
• Three reasons
– Advantage of the defender
• Are you more loyal fighting at home or abroad?
– They were better soldiers
• Persians were poorly trained.
– They used the element of surprise
• Persians had bad intelligence.
U.S. Involvement in the World Today
• If you were the only historian writing about the
U.S. involvement in the world today, what would
you focus on and why?
• For example:
– Humanitarian Efforts
– Violence abroad
– Military Advances
Role of Protector
Imperialists
Opportunists
Pericles
• Ruler of Policy in Athens
– Joined the assembly when he was 20
– Beautifies Athens and Rebuilds ruined
temples.
– Athens becomes center for Greek Culture.
– Opens political office to all citizens.
– Trial by jury. – Jurors were paid.
Athens in the Age of Pericles
The wise and skillful leadership of Pericles
brought about a Golden age in Athens.
This was from about 460 to 429 B.C. and is
often called the Age of Pericles.
Pericles believed that all male citizens, regardless of wealth or
social class, should take part in government.
He paid salaries to men who held public office.
This enabled the poor to serve in the government.
The assembly met several times a month and needed at least
6,000 members present to take a vote. This was direct
democracy, a large number of citizens took part in the day to
day affairs of the government.
Architecture
• Parthenon
built between 447 B.C. and 432 B.C., a
rectangular building supported by stately
marble columns, inside there is a gold and
ivory statue of Athena (goddess of war) and in
her hand a small, winged figure of Nike
(goddess of victory).
Parthenon: Symbol of Periclean Democracy
Justice for All?
• Democracy in Athens did not give freedom to
everyone.
• Only male citizens were allowed to vote and
take part in the assembly.
• Women were not allowed to vote.
• Slaves were not allowed to participate in govt.
The Athenian Empire
• Athens gains great power from the victories
in the Persian War.
• The Delian League
– Founded in 477 B.C. to unite Greek City-States
against Persia.
– Led by Athens.
• Enjoyed political freedom and prosperity.
Delian League
Greek against Greek
Many Greeks resented the Athenian domination.
The Greek world split into rival camps.
To counter the Delian League, Sparta and other enemies of
Athens formed the Peloponnesian League.
Sparta encouraged an Oligarchy (government run by
business) in the states of the Peloponnesian League, and
Athens supported democracy.
The war broke out in 431 B.C. engulfing all of Greece
Peloponnesian War
• Athens and allies battled the
Peloponnesian League.
• Spartan army marches into Athens and
kills 1/3 of the Athenians and Pericles.
• Fighting Lasts 27 Years.
– W/Aid of Persia, Sparta blocks Athenian ports.
• Athens surrendered in 404 B.C.
• Athens loses empire, navy, and democratic
government.
The Legacies of
Ancient Greece
What is a legacy?
Traditions, skills and knowledge of a culture
that get passed on to people in the future
Something a culture is known for
A gift from the past
What is your
Legacy?
The Legacies of Ancient Greece
scientific
method
theater
democracy
epics
classification
Olympics
architecture
Socratic
Method
trial by
jury
Greek
mythology
tragedy
comedy
philosophy
Hippocratic
Oath
marathon
Democracy
A government where the people have the right to
make decisions about leaders and laws
Greek word meaning
“power of the people”
Athens developed the
first democracy
The U.S. government is based
on Athenian democracy.
Democracy in Athens
Athens had the first democratic
constitution (a set of rules for how the
government should run)
All men over 18 years old could
participate in the Assembly (the
lawmaking group)
Each year 500 names of citizens were
drawn to be on the Council of Five
Hundred who ran the daily business of
Athens
Trial By Jury
When a group of citizens decides if a person is
innocent or guilty of a crime
Serving on a jury was a citizen’s duty
About 500 jurors for a trial
Jurors were paid for service
Epics
Long poems written about gods, heroes, and
history of a culture
Homer most famous author of Greek epics.
Wrote the Illiad about the Trojan War
The Odyssey about a Trojan War hero, Odysseus
Greek Mythology
Myths are stories about gods & goddesses
that were used to explain events in nature
12 Major Gods & Goddesses of Mt. Olympus
Zeus
Poseidon
Hades
Hermes
Hera
Apollo
Artemis
Hephaestus
Athena
Demeter
Aphrodite
Ares
Theater
Grew out of festivals dedicated to Dionysus and
developed into stories that were acted out
Plays were performed at festivals and became competitions
Only male actors but women could watch
Actors wore masks to show gender, age & mood
Theater was carved into a hillside
Theater
Greek theater in Miletus
Tragedy & Comedy
Types of plays first developed by the Greeks
Tragedy: plays about suffering
Comedy: plays with a happy ending
that pokes fun at certain types of
people
Aeschylus
Aristophanes
Olympic Games
Festival held in Olympia to honor Zeus
Every four years-began 776.b.c.
Only men: women couldn’t watch
Olympians swore not to cheat
Called a truce from war
Winners were heroes
Won an olive wreath
Olympic Games
Foot races
Javelin
Warrior’s Race
Boxing
Discus
Pancratium
Wrestling
Messengers &
Trumpeters
Pentathlon
Marathon
Footrace that is 26 miles, 385 yards long
Greeks defeated the Persians at Marathon
Phidippides ran to Athens (about 26 miles) to
announce the victory
He reached Athens, cried out Nike! (goddess
of victory), and fell over dead.
Architecture
The art and science of building
Doric
Ionic
Corinthian
Greeks well known for using three styles
of columns in their buildings
Architecture
The Parthenon on the Acropolis in
Athens was built in the Doric style.
The Temple of Athena Nike located
very close to the Parthenon was built in
the Ionic style.
Architecture
The design of many buildings today
has been influenced by the classical
style of the Greeks.
Why would many U.S. government
buildings have been built using
Greek architecture?
Supreme Court Building in Wash.
D.C.
Philosophy
Love of wisdom; trying to figure things out
through learning and reasoning
Socrates
Socratic Method
Plato
Political Science
Aristotle
Science & Logic
Socratic Method
Teaching through step-by-step questions that are
designed to lead the student to the truth
Socrates was a
Greek philosopher
who wanted people to
question and think for
themselves
Athenians were afraid
and threatened by his
ideas, so he was tried
and put to death.
Classification of Living Things
A system of grouping plants and animals that
have similar characteristics
Developed by Aristotle
Helps scientists to handle a lot of info.
Still used today
Scientific Method
Process used by scientists to study something
1
Collect
Info
2
Form
Hypothesis
3
Test
Hypothesis
Hippocratic Oath
A list of rules about practicing medicine that
doctors today still promise to follow
Hippocrates
was the
“Father of
Scientific
Medicine”
1. Honor their teachers
2. Do their best for the sick
3. Never give poisons
4. Keep the secrets of patients
Believed that
disease came
from natural
causes not evil
spirits
Human Reason
• Philosophers – Seekers of Wisdom
• Scientific Approach to Reason
– Studied all areas of human knowledge.
– Physics, astronomy, music, & art.
– Detailed approaches to illness & disease.
• Hippocrates
– Founder of moral code of medicine – Hippocratic Oath
Philosophers
• Socrates
– Most famous philosopher
– Important to examine laws, social customs, and
religious values.
– Socratic Method
– Condemned to death.
Philosophers
• Plato
– Student of Socrates
– Wrote ideas of Socrates down.
– Established the Academy that lasted 900 yrs.
– Meaning of justice, truth, & the rights and
responsibilities of citizenship.
Philosophers
• Aristotle
– Student of Plato
– Taught Alexander the Great
– Explored biology, philosophy, & the arts
– Praised self-control and self-reliance
– Believed in all forms of government –
monarchy, aristocracy, and democracy.
– The enlightened King
Spread of Greek Civilization
• Philip of Macedonia – King
– Hired Greek generals to train his military &
modeled his society after Greece’s.
– Aristotle taught his son – Alexander.
– Looked to expand his power over Greece
• Defeats Athens and Thebes
– Proclaims himself master of Greece.
– Plans invasion of Persia.
– Assassinated.
Alexander the Great
• Macedonia conquered the Greek Islands.
• Taught the Greek ways by Aristotle as a
boy.
• Crowned king when he was 20
• Never lost a battle and was never forced
to retreat.
Blend of East and West
• ATG spread the Greek culture throughout the
lands he conquered.
• Built cities based on the Greek polis.
• Est. 70 cities named Alexandria across his
empire.
• Why was he successful?
Roles of men, women and
children
• Men
• met in the morning to discuss business matters
• spent part of the day in the gymnasium (exercised,
bathed, and had his body massaged with scented oils)
• Women and girls
• stayed in the home doing household chores (washing,
cooking, and cleaning)
• were not allowed to vote or attend school
Group Questions #1
• How does monarchy differ from oligarchy?
• What was the Assembly and what role did
it play in Athenian democracy?
• In what ways could Athenians take part in
government?
• What was the Age of Pericles and how did
it get its name?
• How does American democracy differ from
the democracy that grew under Pericles?
Group Questions #2
• Do the roles of Greek goddesses
resemble the roles of Greek women?
• What similarities and differences are there
between Egyptian and Greek gods?
• What is the subject of Homer’s two epics?
• Who were the philosophers of Ancient
Greece?
• What are three of the most important
Greek legacies that they left?
Group Questions #3
• How did the Olympic Games come about?
• Compare and contrast how people found out
who won ancient Olympic events and how
people find out the winners today.
• How do the modern Olympics honor their
origins in ancient Greece?
• What are two ways in which today’s Olympic
Games differ from the ancient Games?
• Why do you think the Olympics have
remained such a popular sports tradition for
so long?