Group 1: Bacteria Classification and Traits
Kingdoms of Bacteria
I._________________
 _________ of the two kingdoms
 Live almost anywhere- ___________________________________________________
 Surrounded by a ______________ that protects it from injury or damage and determines
its shape
 Cell walls can contain ___________________, a carbohydrate
II. _____________________
 _____________ of the two kingdoms
 Lacks ________________ and have different membrane lipids
 Live in harsh environments; some in ____________ environments, some
in ________ environments, and others in ______ environments
Classifying Eubacteria
Cell Walls
Movement
______________________
 ________________ - when a bacteria has grown so that it has doubled in size, replicates
its DNA, and divides in half
 ______________ - a hollow bridge forms between two bacterial cells and genes move
from once cell to another
Gram Staining
A method used to tell the _____________________________  Consists of _____ dyes
I. __________ (the primary stain) II. ________ (the counterstain) 
Gram Positive Bacteria: Thick peptidoglycan walls that
_________________________________

Gram Negative Bacteria: _________________ inside an outer lipid layer

Alcohol _______________ and ___________ the dye from the walls

Gram negative bacteria appear pink or light red
Shape and Movement
1. Shapes
 _______(rods)
 _______(spherical)
 _______(corkscrew)
2. Movement

________ (whip tail)
 Secreting a ___________
 "thrashing"
 Not at all
Energy Maintenance
Autotrophs
 Phototrophic: obtains energy from _______
 Chemotrophic: obtains energy from _________ molecules
Heterotrophs


Phototrophic: Obtains slightly from sun, but mainly ______ compounds
Chemotrophic: Obtains by ______ organic material
Types of Respiration
·
Obligate aerobe: Can only survive if supplied with oxygen.
·
Obligate anaerobe: Must not be exposed to oxygen in order to survive.
·
Facultative anaerobe: Doesn't require, nor is harmed by exposure to oxygen
Group 2:

Parts and Functions:
o DNA:
 To keep long-term storage of
___________
o Cell Wall:
 Function: provides
_________, mechanical
strength, and rigidity to
___________
o Cell Membrane:
 Controls what moves ____ and ______ of the cell
 Transportation of substances
o Cytoplasm:
 Cellular ______, _________ and replication
 Function: the store houses of all chemicals and components that are used
to sustain the life of a ________
o Ribosome:
 Small particles found throughout the _________
 Produce proteins by following coded instructions from the nucleus
o Plasmid and Pili:
 _______ _______ of DNA
 Fixes bacteria to ________
 Used to switch DNA between bacteria cells
o Flagellum:





Allows cells to move in all types of ________
 ______ tail
Reproduction Binary Fission:
o Can ___________ at a very fast rate
o When grown, it replicates its DNA and _____ in half, making it 2 exact copies of
the daughter cell.
o ________________ Reproduction
Genetic Recombination:
o Definition: involves the ______ of genetic material either between multiple
chromosomes or between different regions of the same chromosome
o Importance:
o DNA ______
o DNA replication-to fill in gaps and ______ stalling of replication
Three Types:
o Transformation:
 process of certain species of bacteria ingesting DNA plasmids into
own__________
 Competence: allows_________ to occur
 bacterium must activate number of genes that express required
_________
o Conjugation:
 bacterial equivalent of sex
 donor cell with __________transfers to recipient through the pilus
 recipient combines donor DNA with own ________
o Transduction:
 __________ of DNA from one bacterium to another through viruses
 Virus causes host to__________ many copies
 Causes cell to _________ and repeat cycle
Bacteria Resistant to Drugs:
o Genetic engineering- Manually adding new DNA to an ___________
o Being a small size, it makes millions of organisms to be cured with
_____________ at the same time.
Group 3:
I.
How Bacteria is Harmful
A. One type of bacteria is a
. Pathogens are another name for
parasites. These parasites can harm
and
as well, by
giving them diseases and making the
faster.
B.
are harmful because they’re toxins found inside of bacteria and
are released when the bacteria is
.
are also
harmful because they are released by the bacteria on purpose.
II. How Bacteria Beneficial
A. Humans use bacteria to
harmful substances and make
them
and harmless. We also use it to make
,
enzymes, and
.
B. For example, a 150-foot high
in Columbia will be
transformed into a public
due to the efforts of bacteria.
III. How Bacteria is Spread
A. Bacteria’s ability to
so quickly is the reason why we can
become sick soon after a pathogenic
invades your bodies. For
example, e coli can divide every
minutes, this means that in
hours one
bacteria will produce
bacteria. After just another hour the
number of the bacteria will rise to a colossal of
_ bacteria.
IV. Prevention
A. One way to prevent illnesses to not follow the ‘
’. If a
piece of food is dropped on the
,
, or on a dirty
surface, then just leave it. Once food hits the floor, it’s _______________
________________.
B. Another way is to cook your foods to their approved __________________.
Whenever a food especially ___________ is under-cooked then there is a chance
that whoever eats it will become sick with _____________________.
V. Disinfectants
A. Disinfectants: A chemical liquid that destroys _________________. (kills bacteria)
B. Reduces the amount of bacteria on various ___________
C. Reduces the amount of bacteria on various surfaces.
VI. Antibiotics
A. Antibiotic: Compounds that__________the growth and reproduction of bacteria in the
body.
B. Cure some bacterial diseases
C. Antibiotics are one of the leading causes for the growing_________________________.
VII.
A.
B.
C.
VIII.
A.
B.
C.
D.
What we use Antibiotics for
Treat __________ infections
to treat people with illnesses caused by ___________ in the body
Examples: pink eye, ear infection, strep throat
How Antibiotics Work
Bacteria has a different ___________
The antibiotics attack the cell wall because the antibiotic _________to the bacteria's’ cell
wall.
The result is that the cell wall ________and kills the bacteria
No harm is come to the human because antibiotics don’t slow down any
_______________process in our body.
Types of Antibiotics:
1. Penicillin
A. Penicillin fights bacteria in your body. It is used to treat many different types of
____________ caused by bacteria. Ex: Ear Infections
B. Penicillin has the ability to ___________the cell wall, and ___________ the bacteria
so it doesn’t divide.
C. Makes walls _________ and more likely to burst
2. Tetracycline
A. Tetracycline fights __________ infections
B. Example: Acne, UTI’s, lymes disease ect.
C. It harms the bacteria by binding to specific______________on the bacteria,
preventing other bacteria to bind to it.
3. Macrolide
A. Macrolide is an __________that is well tolerated and used for mild to moderate
infections.
B. It __________to the ribosomes of the bacteria.
C. In small doses it can promote ______________.
D. Large doses promote_________________.
Group 4: Virus Structure, Classification, and Cycles of Infections Notes
I.
What is a virus?
● Viruses are _____________ of nucleic acids, proteins, and in some cases, __________.
● They can reproduce only by ______________ living cells.
● They enter __________ cells, and once inside, use the machinery of the infected cell to
produce more viruses.
II. Structure of Viruses
● A typical virus is ______________ of a core of DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein
coat.
● The simplest viruses only contain a ________ genes.
● Complex viruses may have more than a ______________ genes.
III. Invading Cells
● A virus’s protein coat is called its ____________.
● The capsid includes proteins that enable a virus to enter a host cell.
● The capsid proteins bind to ______________ on the surface of a cell to “trick” the cell
into allowing it inside.
● Sometimes this causes the cell to make copies of the virus, and in the process, the host
cell is ________________.
IV. Types of Viruses
A. Bacteriophage
● A virus that infects ____________ only.
Examples of Bacteriophage
● ______________________ causes lytic infections.
● Once T4 has infected the cell it ________________ itself so many times that the cell
will lyse.
● This burst send infected material towards other, _______________ cells.
B. Adenovirus
● A virus that infects _____________ ________ and rarely causes death.
Examples of Adenovirus : Common cold, Sore throat
● _______________, Pneumonia, Diarrhea, Pink eye, Fever
● Inflammation of _____________/intestines.
C. Retrovirus
● A virus that contains _________ as their genetic information.
● When they infect cells they produce a _______ _________ of their RNA which is
then inserted into the DNA of the host cell.
Examples of Retrovirus :AIDS is a _____________.
V. Lytic Infection
Definition: Virus enters a cell, makes _____________ of itself, and causes the cell to lyse.
1.
2.
3.
4.
The virus begins to ____________ its own DNA into that of the host cell’s.
The host cell cannot tell the difference between the two DNA.
The host cell begins to _______________ the virus’s DNA into mRNA.
The viral mRNA basically wrecks the cell from the inside and causes it to ________.
VI. Lysogenic Infection
Definition: Virus enters the cell, begins to _______________ the viral DNA into the host cell’s
and waits to strike.
1. The virus begins to put its own DNA into the host cell’s and the DNA begins to replicate
along with the host cell’s.
2. Unlike _______ infections, the lysogenic infections do not lyse the cell right away.
3. The viral DNA that goes into the host cell is called a ____________.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Group 5: Viruses: Beneficial, Infectious, and Vaccines
Benefits:
-Most viruses only contain a few
. Humans have been using these viruses for
modern gene therapy. Scientists have been using viruses in gene therapy for a long time
now. Viruses are very useful in the transportation and protection of
.
-Viruses tend to be associated with
in humans. The simplest approach to
preventing these cancers is giving out vaccines for the viruses that are associated with
cancer.
-Therapeutic vaccination is also attempting to make its way into modern science.
Scientists are using vaccines to cause a
that may end up eliminating an
existing cancer in the body.
-Insects are infected by other insects with certain viruses, these viruses cannot affect
humans. So, as a result of these viruses not being able to affect mammals, humans tend to
use these viruses in
products.
Harm:
Attack the cells and disrupt cell function. The human body then
attempts to fight off the invaders by heating up the body, causing fever. Symptoms of
viruses are just the body’s way of fighting off the virus.
Spread and Preventing:
-Diseases spread through human contact, through the air, through objects that a sick
victim has,
from a mother to her child, or through contaminated food or water.
-If one does not want to get a virus they should be aware of their surroundings. Diseases
can be prevented from spreading with certain
.
Vaccines:
-___________ Vaccine- live virus, but weakened virus that is injected into the body.
Generates immune system response, and provides long term immunity.
-People with ______ immune systems are capable of enduring a virus due to attenuated
vaccines.
- Subunit vaccines contain a specific _______ or __________ that conduct immune
system response
-Inactivated vaccines use pathogens that are killed, inactivated vaccines have very few
______
How Vaccines work:
-Vaccines usually contain the virus that is either __________ or __________
-The body creates ____________ for the virus that the body has endured
-Anti-bodies protect the body, to _______ off any further sickness
Flu Vaccine:
-The flu vaccine is the most effect flu prevention method
-The vaccine should be renewed every _____ for two reasons
1. It helps prevent the spread of the flu
2. Flu ___________ vary every year due to the different kinds of flu, so it’s
important to be up to date on the vaccines to stay healthy
Group 7: What is a Germ? Theory?
A Germ is a
that usually will cause diseases.
A Theory is an
that can be proven by facts and explained by an experiment
A. What is the Germ Theory?

The
states that some diseases are caused by microorganisms.
These small organisms, too small to see without magnification, invade humans, animals,
and other living hosts. Their
and reproduction within their hosts can
cause a disease.
B. Finding The Germ
Pasteur used a microscope to see the germs that were around, noticed that the germs were in the
air. Experiments used:
●
●
broth and sealing container
Disease
C. Ignaz Semmelweis (1818-1865)
● Found out that washing your hand “vigorously” can drastically bring down the rate of
infection and death in mothers giving birth and surgeries
● Set the health standard for in and out of the hospital
D. Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)
●
●
●
●
Was the founder of the
diseases caused by microorganisms
Noticed it caused Fermentation as well as contagious diseases
Creator of many vaccinations
Created
which reduces the amount of microorganisms that can
cause a disease.
Robert Koch (1843-1910)
● Created “
“; which were chemicals that attacked specialized bacterium
● Also found out how to stain bacterium so it can be visible underneath the microscope
● With his new advances, he was able to identify diseases much faster
Joseph Lister (1827-1912)
● A surgeon who introduced new principles of cleanliness which changed surgical practice
in 1800s.
● Used the
method until Lister introduced the sterile surgery (unable to
produce offspring).
Alexander Fleming (1881-1955)
● Discovered penicillin
● Discovered
, an antiseptic enzyme found in most bodily fluids
● "When I woke up just after dawn on September 28, 1928, I certainly didn't plan to
revolutionize all medicine by discovering the world's first
, or bacteria
killer. But I suppose that was exactly what I did."