Cornell Notes: AP U. S. History
Chapter 10: America’s Economic Revolution
Section: The Changing American Population
Name: Alec Lam
Period: 1
Date:
When you finish a section remember to write a brief summary of that section before continuing on with the chapter.
Section Heading/
Questions/Main ideas/
Vocabulary
The American Population,
1820-1840
Reasons for Increase
Notes/Answers/Definitions/Examples/Explanations/Questions for class discussion
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Improvements on public health (Great cholera plague of 1832)
Increase by high birth rate (6.14 children each)
Immigration from Europe
Reduced transportation costs
1790- 1/30 lived in a city, 1820- 1/20, 1840- 1/12
1825- Erie Canal was made (helped NYC)
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1840-1860 Accelerated growth
1860, America’s population was larger than Britain
1840- Highest immigration year
St. Louis, Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, Louisville (Mississippi River)
Buffalo, Detroit, Milwaukee, Cleveland, and Chicago (Great Lakes)
In St. Louis, Chicago, and Milwaukee, Foreign born outnumbered the native born
Most were concentrated in St. Louis (Missouri)
Majority came from Ireland and Germany (45% Irish, 20% German)
Germans immigrated because of liberal revolution in 1848
Irish immigrated because of the English rule, and the Potato Famine
Irish went to East, Germans went to Northwest
Immigration and Urban
Growth 1840-1860
Rapid Urbanization
Villages to Cities
Immigrants
The Rise of Nativism
“Nativism”
“Alien Menace”
“Know-Nothings”
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A defense of native-born people and the hostility to foreign-born
Desire to stop or slow down immigration
Protestants argued that Rome was gaining a foothold on America
Whig politicians complained that they were voting Democratic
Secret society to combat what nativists called “alien menace”
Navists held convention in Philadelphia, forming Native American Party
Many groups combined in 1850 to form the Supreme Order of the Star Spangled
Banner
 The Order adopted strict codes of secrecy “I know nothing”
 After 1852 election, they created new party called “American Party”
 Success in East
Name: Alec Lam
Chapter 10: America’s Economic Revolution
Period: 1
Section: Transportation, Communications, and
Technology
Date:
The Canal Age
 Carried corn and wheat of Northwestern farmers
Steamboats
 Carried cotton and tobacco of Sou
 Horses would walk next to the canal on “Towpaths”
Canals
 New York was first to act on building canals
 Between Hudson River and Lake Erie (350 miles long)
De Witt Clinton
Erie Canal
Early Railroads
John Stevens
Stockton and Darlington
Railroad in England
Baltimore and Ohio
Triumph of the Rails
Consolidation
Senator Stephen A. Douglas
1860
Innovations in
Communications
Magnetic Telegraph
Samuel F. B. Morse
Richard Hoe
Associated Press
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Governor in 1817
Began digging the canal
Immediate financial success
Opened Oct. 1825
Within 7 yrs, it was payed off
New York could now compete against New Orleans for goods
Extended into Ohio and Indiana
Ran locomotives and cars around on circular tracks in his New Jersey estate
 First short length track to carry general traffic
 First American company to begin actual operations
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Important change in railroad development
Consolidating short lines into longer lines (aka trunk lines)
New York Central an d the New York and Erie gave NYC access to port
Persuaded Congress to provide federal lands to aid the Illinois Central
Congress allots 30M acres
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Telegraph lines extended along the tracks, connecting stations to one another
Permitted instant communication between distant cities
All lines combined to become the Western Union Telegraph Company
Succeeded in transmitting from Baltimore to Washington the news of James K.
Polk’s nomination
Invented steam cylinder rotary press
Made it possible to print newspaper rapidly and cheaply
1846 was made because of the new technology
Tribunes and Hearlads exceeded
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Name: Alec Lam
Chapter 10: America’s Economic Revolution
Period: 1
Section: Commerce and Industry
Date:
Expansion of Business 18201840
 A group could secure a charter merely by paying a fee to make a corporation.
 Permitted a system of limited liabilities (stockholders could only lose alue of own
General Incorporation Laws
investments)
 Many corporation relied on credit
 All currency was backed by actual gold and silver
Currency
 Many banks issued unofficial bank notes
Emergence of the Factory
 First was the New England textile industry (bringing all production under one
roof)
 Shoe Industry started to use the system by 1830’s
Factory System
 1840-1860 value of goods produced went from $483 M to $2 Billion
 Most factories were in Northeast
Advances in Technology
 More efficient to make machines by using parts
Interchangeable Parts
 Made by Eli Whitney and Simeon North (Introduced it to guns)
New Energy
 Coal was replacing wood and water power
Charles Goodyear
 Discovered a method of vulcanizing rubber (treating it to give it greater strenght)
Elias Howe
 Constructed sewing machine
Isaac Singer
Howe-Singer Machine
Important Factories
Innovations in Corporate
Organization
Decline of Merchant
Capitalism
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Improved the sewing machine
Combo of Howe and Singer made ready to wear clothing
Lawrence and Lowell
Used the powerful waterfall as power
 British competitors stole much of America’s export trade
 Another reason was the discovery by the merchants for profit in manufacturing
Name: Alec Lam
Chapter 10: America’s Economic Revolution
Period: 1
Section: Men and Women at Work
Date:
Recruiting Native Work
Force
First System
 Brought entire families to mills
 Enlisted young women to work for years and return home to marry and have kids
Lowell or Waltham System
 The Lowell Offering was a magazine written by young women at the mill
Factory Girls Association
 The Lowell workers organized a strike to protest a 25% pay cut
 Created a Female Labor Reform Association
Sarah Bagley
 Worked to improve conditions in the mills
Immigrant Work Force
 Term to describe the dumb working Irish in mills and railroads
“shanty Irish”
 Paid $4-10 per week
Factory System and the
Artisan Tradition
De-skilling
 The machinery was threatening the lives of skilled artisans
National Trade Union
 6 cities founded the Union
Fighting for Control
“Express Contract”
 Calling for more time on the job
 Declared that unions were lawful organizations and that the strike was a lawful
Commonwealth v. Hunt
weapon
 National Typographical Union
 The Stone Cutters
Successful organizations of
skilled workers
 Hat Finishers
 Molders and the Machinist
Name: Alec Lam
Chapter 10: America’s Economic Revolution
Period: 1
Section: Patterns of Industrial Society
Date:
Rich and Poor
Unequal Balance
 45% of wealth was in 10% of population
“Paupers”
 The Urban Poor
Middle Class Life
 Middle class were more decorated and furnished with goods made available
Classes became distinct
because of household goods
 Middle class houses became bigger
Changing Family
 Families couldn’t follow the Patriarchal System
New Family Role
 Men, Women, and Children shared tasks
Women and the “Cult of
Domesticity”
 Oberlin in Ohio was the first college to accept female
Female Education
 Mount Holyoke founded by Mary Lyon
New Women Roles
A “Separate Sphere”
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“Domestic Virtues” to care as mothers
Women developed distinct female culture
More social networking, stronger friendships
“Godey’s Lady’s Book” most prominent magazine for women by Sarah Hale