America as a global power
Alfred Thayer Mahan
The Influence of Sea
Power Upon History,
1660-1783
•Mahan’s ideas become mandatory reading for
politicians of the day
•New generation of foreign policy makers
[TR and Wilson]
•Historic sense of Manifest Destiny
- “White Man’s Burden”
Asia
Open Door Policy & China
~ In the 1890’s Russia, Japan, Great Britain, France and
Germany had all established spheres of influence in
China
~ Each country could dominate trade and investment
within their sphere and shut out competitors
~ Sec. of State John Hay proposed the concept of an
Open Door, by which all nations would have equal
trading privileges in China.
~ No nation rejected his proposal and Hay declared all
had accepted his Open Door Policy
More Open Door
~ In 1900 the Boxers attacked foreign settlements and
murdered dozens of Christian missionaries
~ U.S. troops participated in an international force that
marched into Peking and quickly succeeded in crushing
the Boxer Rebellion
~ Hay wrote a second note to imperialistic powers
stating U.S. commitment to preserve China’s territorial
integrity and safeguard “equal and impartial trade with
all parts of the Chinese Empire”.
New Diplomacy
Teddy Roosevelt’s desire to establish the reputation
of America as a World Power
Monroe Doctrine and the Roosevelt Corollary
Monroe Doctrine 1823
Latin America is off limits to
Europe or anyone else.
Stay out of our hemisphere!
The Roosevelt Corollary1905
The U.S. will keep law & order in
Latin America
The US can intervene in our
hemisphere whenever we feel it is in
our interest.
PANAMA CANAL 1904
The USA bought the rights to build the
Panama Canal;
the canal
linked the Pacific &
Atlantic Oceans
Gave the US
Gave the
great influence
in in in
in Latin
America
TR as a Diplomat—AmericA’s extended
role
Treaty of Portsmouth (1905)
--Imperialistic rivalry between Russia and Japan led to war
which Japan was winning.
--Japanese nationalists blamed the U.S. for not giving their
country all that they wanted from Russia
“Gentleman’s Agreement” (1908)
--Japanese agree to limit emigration, CA changes school
segregation laws
Root-Takahira agreement (1908)
--mutual respect for each nation’s Pacific possessions and
support for the Open Door Policy
Teddy’s “Big Stick” Policy
”Great White Fleet”—To demonstrate U.S. naval power
Roosevelt sent a fleet of battleships around the world
from 1907 – 1909, mostly to impress Japan
Dollar Diplomacy—William Howard Taft
Expansion depends on investors dollars rather than
naval battleships
Win-win—private business investment in China and
Central America leads to stability in these areas
while at the same time promote U.S. business
interests
Obstacle: Growing anti-imperialism here and abroad
1911—U.S. intervenes in Nicaragua’s financial affairs
1912—Civil War breaks out there and the Marines are sent
to Nicaragua and stay until 1933
Lodge Corollary to the
Monroe Doctrine, 1912
Henry Cabot Lodge’s
resolution that said
non-European
powers, such as
Japan, would be
excluded from
owning territory in
the Western Hemisphere
Offended Japan and angered
Latin American countries
Time to take a break for more bonus!
Many people in 1941 said that “What did we do to the
Japanese?? Why would they want to attack us?”
What we are going to see is that there are many
examples of where the Japanese feel disrespected by
the U.S. Actually, they start during this time
In this power point, you have seen some sources of
tensions between the Japanese and the United
States. Identify these sources.
Moral Diplomacy—Woodrow Wilson
REFORM in our international behavior
U.S. would be the CONSCIENCE of the world
Spread democracy, promote peace, condemn
colonialism
ANTI-IMPERIALISM---No Big Stick or Dollar Diplomacy
Against self-interested imperialism
The Philippines
Congress passed Jones Act of 1916
1. Granted Full territorial status to Philippines
2. Guaranteed a bill of rights and universal male suffrage
to Filipino citizens
3. Promised Philippine independence as soon as a stable
government was established
Puerto Rico
Congress passed Jones-Shafroth Act in 1917
1. granted U.S. citizenship to all the inhabitants
2. Provided for limited self-government
Conciliation treaties
WJ Bryan negotiated treaties in
which nations:
1. Submit disputes to
international commissions
2. Observe a one-year cooling-off
period before taking
military action
3. Bryan arranged with Wilson's
approval, 30 such
conciliation treaties.
Though Wilson did not live up to his principles when vital
U.S. Interests were concerned:
Latin America---kept Marines in Nicaragua, ordered
troops into Haiti and the Dominican Republic in 1916
---Rationale: necessary to maintain stability
in the region and to protect the Panama
Canal
Mexico—Francisco Madero attempts democratic reforms
but is overthrown, and assassinated, by General Victoriano
Huerta
---Wilson refused to recognize Huerta and
brought pressure against the new
government