(CONDITIONING)
Classical
Conditioning
Operant
Conditioning
Observational
Learning

dog drool & bell pigeon reward & punishment
Baby Albert
BoBo Doll learning by watching

 How Do We Learn?
 objective 1
 Classical Conditioning
 objectives 2-7
 Operant Conditioning
 objectives 8-13
 Learning by Observation
 objectives 14-15
TEST: Tuesday Nov. 25th
FRQ #3

OBJ. 8-11 PGS. 228-235
OBJ. 12-13 PGS. 235-240

OBJECTIVE 8
WHAT IS OPERANT CONDITIONING & HOW IS IT DIFFERENT FROM
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING

CLASSICAL
CONDITIONING
 behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus (no control)

 Associate own actions with consequences

SKINNER’S EXPERIMENTS

Edward Thorndike’s Law of Effect
 1874-1949
 Rewarded behavior is likely to recur
 Puzzle box
 B.F. Skinner (1904-1990)
 behavior control
 Teach pigeons unpigeonlike behavior

SKINNER’S EXPERIMENTS


SKINNER’S EXPERIMENTS
SHAPING BEHAVIOR
 Shaping
 reinforcers guide successive approximations
 Discriminative stimulus
 in operant conditioning, a stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement (in contrast to related stimuli not associated with reinforcement).
 Teach pigeon to peck after seeing human face but not other images, pigeon learns to recognize faces…faces= discriminative stimulus

OBJECTIVE 9
WHAT ARE THE BASIC TYPES OF REINFORCERS?
 Reinforcer
 Anything that strengthens the behavior it follows
 Positive reinforcement – adds a positive
 Negative reinforcement punishment
Not punishment
– removes a negative
Removes a punishing event
3. Do people look forward to negative reinforcement: yes / no

NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT

Taking aspirin to relieve headache

Putting mittens on because it is cold

Giving in to a whining child

Fanning oneself to escape the heat

Leaving a movie theater if the movie is bad

Smoking in order to relieve anxiety

Feigning stomachache to avoid school

Putting up umbrellas to escape the rain

SKINNER’S EXPERIMENTS
TYPES OF REINFORCERS
 Primary reinforcer
 Satisfies a biological need
 Conditioned reinforcer
 Gains its reinforcing power through its association w/ the primary reinforcer
 Secondary Reinforcer
 Immediate vs Delayed Reinforcers
 immediate best in animals
 Humans respond to delayed
 Social competent & highachieving

OBJECTIVE 10:
WHAT ARE THE TWO REINFORCEMENT SCHEDULES & HOW
DO THEY EFFECT BEHAVIOR?
1. Continuous Reinforcment

Learning occurs rapidly, but…

Extinction occurs rapidly
2. Partial (intermittent) Reinforcment

Slower to learn but more resistant to extinction

4 types of partial schedules




Skinner’s Experiments
Reinforcement Schedules

Interval (2) Ratio (2)
 dependent on the behavior itself; a certain number of responses are needed before reinforcement will occur

 involves a TIME element; time must pass before reinforcement will occur
FIXED –INTERVAL
FIXED –RATIO
 reinforce behavior after set # of responses
VARIABLE-RATIO
 reinforce 1 st response after set time…produces stop-start behavior (more as reward draws near)
 reinforce behavior after unpredictable # of responses…slot machine

VARIABLE-INTERVAL
 reinforce 1 st response after varying time intervals

Skinner’s Experiments
Reinforcement Schedules

Skinner’s Experiments
Reinforcement Schedules

Skinner’s Experiments
Reinforcement Schedules slot machine

Skinner’s Experiments
Reinforcement Schedules

Reinforcement Schedules

OBJECTIVE 11:
HOW DOES PUNISHMENT EFFECT
BEAHVIOR?
 Punishment
 Positive punishment
 Negative punishment
Negative Reinforcement encourages behavior.
When something unpleasant ceases, the behavior that caused it to stop is reinforced

Skinner’s Experiments
Punishment

Skinner’s Experiments
Punishment

Skinner’s Experiments
Punishment

Skinner’s Experiments
Punishment

Skinner’s Experiments
Punishment

SENSITIVITY TO PUNISHMENT & REWARD
QUESTIONNAIRE
Are some of us more sensitive to punishment?
Are some of us more sensitive to reward?
Sensitivity to Punishment

Assign 1 point for each yes answer for odd #s

0-24 range
Sensitivity to Reward

Assign 1 point for each yes answer for even #s
High punish. Score vulnerable to anxiety. High reward score = impulsivity.

SKINNER’S EXPERIMENTS
PUNISHMENT

 Punished behavior is suppressed not forgotten
 Punishment teaches discrimination
 did child learn not to curse or just not to curse in house?
 Punishment can teach fear
 Physical punishment may increase aggression

Punishment tells you what not to do; reinforcement tells you what to do

OBJECTIVE 12:
DO COGNITIVE PROCESSES & BIOLOGICAL
CONSTRAINTS AFFECT OPERANT CONDITIONING?

 Cognitive map

 Intrinsic motivation
 Extrinsic motivation

EXTENDING SKINNER’S UNDERSTANDING
BIOLOGICAL PREDISPOSITIONS



SKINNER’S LEGACY
APPLICATIONS OF OPERANT
CONDITIONING





CONTRASTING CLASSICAL AND OPERANT
CONDITIONING



Contrasting Classical and Operant
Conditioning

Contrasting Classical and Operant
Conditioning

Contrasting Classical and Operant
Conditioning

Contrasting Classical and Operant
Conditioning

Contrasting Classical and Operant
Conditioning

Contrasting Classical and Operant
Conditioning

Contrasting Classical and Operant
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Contrasting Classical and Operant
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Contrasting Classical and Operant
Conditioning

Contrasting Classical and Operant
Conditioning

Contrasting Classical and Operant
Conditioning

Contrasting Classical and Operant
Conditioning

Contrasting Classical and Operant
Conditioning

Contrasting Classical and Operant
Conditioning

Contrasting Classical and Operant
Conditioning

Contrasting Classical and Operant
Conditioning

Contrasting Classical and Operant
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Contrasting Classical and Operant
Conditioning

Contrasting Classical and Operant
Conditioning

Contrasting Classical and Operant
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Contrasting Classical and Operant
Conditioning

Contrasting Classical and Operant
Conditioning

Contrasting Classical and Operant
Conditioning

Contrasting Classical and Operant
Conditioning

Contrasting Classical and Operant
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Contrasting Classical and Operant
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Contrasting Classical and Operant
Conditioning

Contrasting Classical and Operant
Conditioning