MIDDLE COLONIES AND
THE LOWER SOUTH
• Introduction
• Middle Colonies
• New York
• Pennsylvania
• Lower South
• South Carolina
• Background
• Labor
• Slave Trade and Life
under slavery
• Georgia
• Conclusion
• Dutch West India Fur
Company
• William Penn
• Middle Passage
• Gullah
• Stono Rebellion
• James Oglethorpe
NEW YORK
NEW YORK
• Dutch hired Henry Hudson
• 1609-1611
• Search for NW Passage
NEW YORK
• New Netherland
was established in
1625 on Manhattan
Island by the Dutch
NEW YORK
• Dutch West India Fur Company - founded New
Netherland
• Fur trade was key to regional economy
NEW YORK
• Patroonship (large land grants) were awarded to
individuals bringing 50 settlers to the colony
NEW YORK
• Population - 9,000
lived in New
Netherland by 1660s
• England saw Dutch
as interlopers; tension
grew between
powers
• Peter Stuyvesant
surrendered to English
in 1664
• New Netherland
became New York
NEW YORK
• Dutch Legacy
•
•
•
•
Diverse population
Dutch, English, German, French, Scandinavian, Africa
Protestant, Catholics, Jews, Muslims
Center for commerce
PENNSYLVANIA
PENNSYLVANIA
• 1681 Charles II
granted William
Penn a charter to
establish a colony
PENNSYLVANIA
• Two Goals
• Establish a haven for
the Society of Friends
(Quakers)
QUAKERS
• Quaker = Society of
Friends
• Quakers – Reformed
Church
• Equality of all
peoples
• No clergy
• Women were
involved in church
policy
PENNSYLVANIA
• Two Goals
• Establish a haven for
Quakers
• Penn hoped to make
money
• Diverse Immigrant
population
• Philadelphia (City of
Brotherly Love) quickly
became one of the
most important ports in
the colonies
DELAWARE AND NEW JERSEY
• Delaware
• Colonial congress
• Penn. And Delaware
shared governor
• New Jersey
• Originally charter
colony
• Becomes royal
colony
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New England
Social
Economic
Government
All Three
Middle Colonies
Southern Colonies
New England
Middle Colonies
New England (Rhode Island, Connecticut,
Massachusetts, New Hampshire)
Economy:
focused on trading, farming, lumbering,
fishing, later manufacturing
Triangular trade (rum from New England for
slaves in Africa -> molasses in West Indies ->
New England)
Small manufacturing—mostly for naval stores
(tar, pitch, pine, turpentine)
Social:
settlers moved by families
emphasized on education & religion
townships, center= church
Jeremiad
Franchise to freemen (male church
members); some to all citizens
Ran by assemblies
Middle Colonies (Delaware, Pennsylvania,
New York, New Jersey)
Economy:
“bread colonies”
Social:
unlike the North & South, did not establish
state religions
distinguished by its racial & religious diversity—
Dutch Mennonites, French Huguenots,
German Baptists, Portuguese Jews, Lutherans,
Quakers, African Americans, Native
Americans, etc)
Vocab:
John Calvin and the doctrine of
predestination
Separatists
Puritans
Pilgrims, and Plymouth
Mayflower Compact
John Winthrop and "A Model of Christian
Charity"
Roger Williams
Anne Hutchinson
New England town meeting
Charter Colony
Royal governors
colonial assemblies
Great Awakening
Jonathan Edwards
George Whitefield
New Lights versus Old Lights
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Vocab:
League of the Iroquois
Northwest Passage
Proprietor Colony
William Penn
Quakers
Mercantilism
Navigation Acts
Benjamin Franklin
Southern Colonies
Chesapeake/ South (Virginia, Maryland, North
& South Carolina, Georgia)
Economy:
Relied heavily on cultivation of tobacco
Headright system (sponsor indentured servants
to work on plantations/cultivation)
By 1750, slaves were the main workers; came
by the way of the “Middle Passage”
Indigo & rice also made a profit
Social:
mostly men; little women (came in search for
economic opportunities)
unhealthy population
social pyramid: planter aristocrats > small
farmers (yeomen) > landless whites > slaves
joint-stock company
Anglicans
Roanoke
Virginia Company of London
Captain John Smith
John Rolfe
Pocahontas
headrights
Stuart Restoration
indentured servants
Proprietor Colony
Charter Colony
Virginia House of Burgesses and Royal
Governor's Council
Cecilius Calvert (Lord Baltimore)
Maryland Act of Religious Toleration
Bacon's Rebellion
John Locke
Mercantilism
Navigation Acts
James Oglethorpe
Stono Rebellion
Enlightenment
Benjamin Franklin
• Introduction
• Middle Colonies
• New York
• Pennsylvania
• South
• Background
• Economy
• Society
• Slavery
• Conclusion
• Dutch West India
Fur Company
• William Penn
• Middle Passage
• Gullah
• Stono Rebellion
• James Oglethorpe
SOUTHERN COLONIES
• Chesapeake Bay
• Maryland
• Virginia
• Deep South
• North Carolina
• South Carolina
• Georgia
CHESAPEAKE BAY
MARYLAND
• Founded by Lord
Baltimore
• Colony for English
Catholics
• Toleration Act
1649/1657
VIRGINIA
• Founded by Virginia
Company
• Founded for
mercantilism
• Cash crop =
Tobacco
NORTH AND SOUTH CAROLINA
• 1663 - Granted to 8
Lords Proprietors
Founded for
mercantilism
• 1729 – Divided N/S
• Cash crop = Rice,
Indigo
• Colonists from
Barbados
GEORGIA
• Goals
• buffer between
Carolinas and Sp.
Florida
• Haven for debtors
and rel. persecuted
• Founder
• James E. Oglethorpe
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• Introduction
• Middle Colonies
• New York
• Pennsylvania
• South
• Background
• Economy
• Society
• Slavery
• Conclusion
• Dutch West India
Fur Company
• William Penn
• Middle Passage
• Gullah
• Stono Rebellion
• James Oglethorpe
ECONOMY
• Plantation – Large property owned by an individual
used to grow a cash crop
ECONOMY - PLANTATION
Tobacco
Rice
ECON 101
• Large profits could
be made, but
prices fluctuated
NAVIGATION ACTS (1651-1673)
• Goods sent to the colonies had to be transported
on English ships
• Enumerated goods, such as wool, sugar, tobacco,
and indigo, had to be shipped to England by
English ships.
• All foreign goods had to travel through England
before reaching the colonies
• Introduction
• Middle Colonies
• New York
• Pennsylvania
• South
• Background
• Economy
• Society
• Slavery
• Conclusion
• Dutch West India
Fur Company
• William Penn
• Middle Passage
• Gullah
• Stono Rebellion
• James Oglethorpe
SOCIETY (FAMILY LIFE)
• High Infant mortality
rates
• Life expectancy in
1600s
• Men: 48
• Women: 44
CHESAPEAKE SOCIETY
• Homes were spread-out and far from one another
• Usually placed along rivers and streams
• Low pop. Density
• 6 people per sq. mile
• Large plantation homes were centers of social life
CHESAPEAKE SOCIETY (FAMILY LIFE)
• Labor Force: Servants and slaves
CHECK UP!
• What does
this
document
reveal
about
Southern
society?
SOCIETY - INDENTURED SERVANTS
• 1630-1700 - 110,000
migrated to
Southern Colonies
• 90% - indentured
servants
• Most servants were
male
SOCIETY - INDENTURED SERVANTS
• Headright System – Planters who bring migrants to
colonies receive land bonus.
SOCIETY - INDENTURED SERVANTS
• Plantation Owners paid for Atlantic
• Servants worked 4-7 years
• 40% died within 6 years of their arrival
BACON’S REBELLION
• Economic Crisis
• The price of tobacco
plummeted
• Conflict with Native
Americans
• Gap between rich
and poor
BACON’S REBELLION
• Settlers and former servants moved on to land
reserved for Indians
• Indians retaliated
• William Berkeley, Virginia’s Governor, did not
respond with force; Settlers did
BACON’S REBELLION
• Nathaniel Bacon led
a militia of about 300
• Fought to
exterminate Indians
on Virginia’s frontier
• Clashed with the
Governor and
burned Jamestown
• Bacon died suddenly
of dysentery
BACON’S REBELLION (AFTERMATH)
• Planters increased importation of African Slaves
• Decreased importation of indentured servants
Turning point in Colonial History
• Introduction
• Middle Colonies
• New York
• Pennsylvania
• South
• Background
• Economy
• Society
• Slavery
• Conclusion
• Dutch West India
Fur Company
• William Penn
• Middle Passage
• Gullah
• Stono Rebellion
• James Oglethorpe
SOUTH CAROLINA AND LABOR
• Native Americans
• Indentured Servants
• African Slaves
WHY SWITCH FROM SERVANTS TO
SLAVES
• Slaves were slaves for
life
• African slaves had a
great deal of
knowledge of rice
cultivation
• Health reasons:
Malaria and yellow
fever were deadly to
Europeans
• Many Africans had
natural immunities to
these diseases
SLAVE TRADE
• Largest migration in
human history;
involved about 10
million Africans
• By mid 1710s,
Africans
outnumbered
whites in South
Colonies
AFRICAN ORIGINS OF NORTH
AMERICAN SLAVES 1690-1807
DESTINATION OF SLAVES
Destination of African Slaves (1519–1867)
Destination
Percentage
Portuguese America
38.5%
British America (minus North
America)
18.4%
Spanish Empire
17.5%
French Americas
13.6%
British North America (Colonies)
6.45%
English Americas
3.25%
Dutch West Indies
2.0%
Danish West Indies
0.3%
SLAVES AS A PERCENTAGE OF
POPULATION
AFRICAN SLAVERY, INLAND TRADE
• Slavery had long
existed in Africa
• They were typically
debtors, criminals,
or captives from
war
MIDDLE
PASSAGE
• Middle
Passage: the
voyage from
Africa to the
New World
• 10-20%
mortality rate
GENERATIONS OF SLAVERY
• Foundation Gen.
• Plantation Gen.
• Migration Gen.
• Emancipation Gen.
LIFE UNDER SLAVERY (LOWER SOUTH)
• Task System
• Typically on rice farms
• Slaves were given a
task each day; once
completed their work
was over
• Slaves often used free
time to grow their own
food
• On a daily basis, slaves
often did not work
closely with whites
LIFE UNDER SLAVERY (CHESAPEAKE
BAY)
• Gang System
• Typically on Tobacco
farms
• Slaves worked in
smaller groups
• They often worked
from sunrise to sunset
LIFE UNDER SLAVERY
• Slaves were bought and sold like animals
• Typically lived in one room shacks
• Common Diet: corn and salted pork
LIFE UNDER SLAVERY
SLAVE REBELLION
• Southern Slave owners greatly feared a slave
rebellion
• Stono Rebellion in 1739
60 slaves rose in rebellion against their owners
Dozens of whites were killed
Plantations were destroyed
Rebellion was eventually crushed and many of the slaves
killed.
• This was the largest rebellion in the colonies
•
•
•
•
LIFE UNDER SLAVERY
SLAVE REBELLION
• Reaction to Stono Rebellion
• Slave Codes
•
•
•
•
Slave Patrols were expanded
Slaves could not testify in court against a white person
It was illegal to teach a slave to read or write
Slave owners faced fines if they did not control their slaves