Classifying Living Organisms
Domains and Kingdoms
Carolus Linnaeus’ Classification System
Swedish botanist (1707-1778)
Binomial Nomenclature –
two-part scientific name
 Genus species
Why Latin?
Latin was the language known
universally by the educated
Also used as a descriptor
Carolus Linneaus
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
species
Helpful to avoid common names.
3 MAIN Domains
Kingdoms
Scientists look at the evolutionary history of
organisms to divide them into kingdoms. For
awhile, there has been 5 kingdoms, but many
scientist are now using 6 kingdoms.
Scientists place organisms in different
kingdoms depending on its characteristics such
as:
What type of cell? Prokaryote or Eukaryote
Unicellular or Multicellular
Autotrophic or Heterotrophic
Reproduction? Asexually or Sexually
6 Kingdoms of Living Things
Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
DOMAINS
BACTERIA
ARCHAE
EUKARYA
KINGDOMS
KINGDOMS
KINGDOMS
Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
Prefix meanings
Pro =
Eu =
Uni =
Multi =
Auto =
Hetero =
Troph =
A = Without
Kingdom: Eubacteria
Found in Domain Bacteria
Prokaryote
unicellular
Often do need oxygen
Live and feed by decomposing other cells.
Some can do photosynthesis.
Reproduce asexually.
Domain Archaea
or Kingdom Archaebacteria
Prokaryote
Unicellular
Can be autotrophic and heterotrophic
Reproduce asexually
Live in harsh environments; classified base
on where they live (such as thermal vents deep
in ocean, salt-lakes, acidic environments, some
even in ice!)
Heterotrophic Bacteria
1. Free-living consumers: E. coli
Azobacter converts initrogen into ammonium, making it available for plant use;
E. coli lives in your colon, feeds on your waste and makes vitamin K for you.
2. Parasitic: Always needs an organism to get food or
shelter (host):
Impetigo is caused by strains Staphylococcus aureus
or Streptococcus pyogenes.
3. Decomposers:
Pseudomonas bacteria in the soil recycles dead plants and animals
by turning them into minerals and nutrients that
plants and microbes can use.
Autotrophic Bacteria
Producers -> Use
sunlight to make food
and are often green.
Example:
 Cyanobacteria: Bluegreen algae
Lives in water
Has chlorophyll
(green pigment
for
photosynthesis)
Some others
have blue or red
pigment.
Domain Eukarya
Eukaryote
Unicellular or multicellular
Includes Kingdom Animalia, Kingdom
Plantae, Kingdom Fungi and Kingdom Protista.
Kingdom Protista
Eukaryote
Unicellular
Heterotrophic or Autotrophic
Reproduce primarily asexually
Protista includes
Protozoa of 4 main groups:
classified based on movement
Protista includes
several types of Algae and Seaweed
classified based on chemical criteria (PS pigments)
Kingdom Fungi
Eukaryote
Usually multicellular
Heterotroph: absorb nutrients from
decomposing organisms
Reproduce both sexually and asexually
Fungi are classified by how they
make SPORES
Kingdom Plantae
Eukaryote
Multicellular
Autotrophic: PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Reproduce both sexually and asexually
Kingdom Animalia
Eukaryote
Multicellular
Heterotrophic: eat other organisms
Sexual reproduction
9 Major Animal Phyla
 Porifera (sponges)
 Cnidaria (jellyfish)
 Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
 Nematoda (roundworms)
 Annelida (segmentedworms)
 Mollusca (snails, clams, squid)
 Arthropoda (insects, crabs)
 Echinodermata (starfish)
 Chordata (vertebrates)
VIRUS: NOT A KINGDOM!!
What is a virus?
• Non-living particle, smaller than a cell that can infect living
organisms (hosts).
Structure of Virus:
•Capsid (Protein coat)
•Genetic Material
(DNA
or RNA)
Are virus alive?
Don’t eat, grow, or break down food.
They are not made of cells.
They need a host cell to reproduce.
There is no cure, only a treatment.
Antibiotics DO NOT kill viruses
Antiviral medications only stop viruses from
reproducing.