Exam Review Answers
Chapter 8
1. NADP+
2. Pigment
3. ATP synthase
4. The sun
5. Water
6. Electron transport chain
7. C charge & H+ ion concentration
8. & 9. ATP (3 phosphates) is a fully charged battery; ADP (2 phosphates) is a
partially charged battery
18. Autotrophs are organisms that get make their own nutrition using solar
energy; examples include plants and cyanobacteria
Heterotrophs are organisms that must obtain their nutrition from other
organisms; examples include animals and decomposers.
Crossword & Vocab:
1. stroma
2. chlorophyll
3. pigment
4. NADP+
5. Autotroph
6. Photosystem
7. Thylakoid
8. ATP
9. Photosynthesis
10. Calvin
11. dependent
12. independent
13. Calvin cycle
14. ATP synthase
15. Carriers
16. Heterotroph
Chapter 9
1. Krebs cycle
2. ATP
3. Glycolysis
4. Carbon dioxide
5. Cellular respiration
6. 1. Glycolysis 2. Krebs cycle 3. Electron Transport Chain
7. Photosynthesis (only in autotrophs) occurs in chloroplasts where solar
energy, water, and carbon dioxide are used to produce oxygen and
glucose. Respiration (in both autotrophs and heterotrophs) occurs in
mitochondria where oxygen and glucose are used to produce chemical
energy, water, and carbon dioxide.
Vocab
1. F
2. D
3. C
4. G
5. A
6. E
7. B
8. A
9. C
10. C
11. Glycolysis is anaerobic, Krebs and ETC are aerobic
Chapter 10
1. mitosis
2. cytokinesis
3. cancer
4. cell cycle
5. cancer
6. D
7. Large cells put stress on the nucleus; it becomes difficult to regulate the
movement of materials across the cell membrane; this is exacerbated by the
fact that volume increases faster than surface area.
8. A
9. C
10. Mitosis
11. A anaphase B telophase C prophase D metaphase
Vocab
Asexual reproduction is beneficial when environmental conditions are
relatively constant because genetically identical offspring are produced.
Sexual reproduction is beneficial when environmental conditions vary
because genetic variation is prevalent.
Chromosomes are pulled apart during anaphase by the connection between
centrioles on the opposite sides of the dividing cell and the spindles that
connect centrioles to chromosomes.
Sister chromatids are held together at the center via a centromere during
prophase and metaphase of mitosis.
Binary fission and mitosis both result in genetically identical daughter cells.
Binary fission occurs in asexually reproducing bacteria and mitosis occurs in
somatic (body) cells.
2. F 3. C 4. E 5. D 6. E 7. A 8. B 9. A
10. Cyclin
11. apoptosis
12. embryo; totipotent
13. blastocyst
Chapter 11
1. genetics
2. allele
3. gene
4. probability
5. 1:1 phenotype ratio
6. 50%
7. dd
8. The principle of dominance states that some alleles are dominant while
others are recessive meaning that if a heterozygous individual contains both
copies, he/she will exhibit the dominant phenotype while 50% of his/her
gametes will contain the dominant allele and 50% will contain the recessive
allele.
9. Prophase I Metaphase I Anaphase I Telophase I and Cytokinesis
Vocab
1. trait
2. allele
3. hybrid
4. phenotype
5. heterozygous
6. segregation
7. genotype
8. codominance
9. homozygous
10. gamete
11. probability
12. genetics
13. fertilization
Chapter 12
1. telomere
2. DNA polymerase
3. Bacteriophage
4. Replication
5. B
6. C
7. In DNA, a nucleotide is composed of a phosphate-sugar (deoxyribose)
backbone that is held together by strong covalent bonds. The 2 strands are
held together by the weak hydrogen bonds between the nitrogenous bases,
adenine with thymine and cytosine with guanine, which is why Chargaff’s
rule states that A=T and C=G
Vocab
1. C
2. E
3. A
4. F
5. D
6. B
7. Telomere
8. Transformation
9. Bacteriophage
10. Base pairing (via hydrogen bonds)
11. DNA polymerase
12. Replication
13. Base pairing
14. Replication
15. DNA polymerase
Chapter 13
1. mutation
2. promoter
3. codon
4. Different genes may be turned on or off; environmental influences also play
an important role.
5. C
6. Transcription is a part of gene expression, it requires RNA polymerase, and
RNA is made. Translation is part of gene expression, proteins are made,
and it involves protein synthesis
7. Attaches. Translocation
Vocab
1. RNA
2. True
3. tRNA
4. true
5. true
6. promoter
7. true
8. genetic code
9. anticodon
10. gene expression
11. polyploidy
12. translation
13. mutation
14. polypeptide
15. codon
16. mutagen
17. -19 Please skip
Chapter 16
1. evolution
2. artificial selection
3. adaptation
4. vestigial structure
5. Darwin
6. C
7. Artificial selection requires natural variation in a population and humans to
choose which traits are desirable and therefore which organisms will
reproduce. Natural Selection requires natural variation in a population and
those organisms that are the fittest will survive and reproduce.
8. Evidence for Evolution includes Embryology, Molecular structure or
Genetics, the fossil record, and Comparative Anatomy.
Vocab
1. A
2. C
3. G
4. B
5. D
6. F
7. E
8. Biogeography is the study of where organisms live now and where their
ancestors lived in the past.
9. Artificial Selection is the process where humans use the natural variation
in populations to choose organisms to survive and reproduce based on
traits desired by humans.
10. Analogous structures have similar functions but are not similar in their
molecular, anatomical, or embryonic structures and do not indicate a
recent common ancestor between species.
11. Homologous structures; The bones on these 4 structures would be similar
in addition to some of the proteins and genes that code for the
construction of these bones. If we were to look at these structures early in
embryological development, they would look very similar and would
indicate a relatively recent common ancestor even though they may not
perform the same function in their mature forms.
Chapter 17
1. species
2. speciation
4. gene pool
6. phenotype
7. geographic isolation means populations are separated by physical barriers
Behavioral isolation means individuals develop different courtship rituals
Temporal isolations means populations reproduce at different times.
8. C
Vocab
2. behavioral
4. temporal
8. gene pool
9. true
10. true
11. geographic
13. speciation
15. stabilizing
Chapter 18
1. kingdom
2. cladogram
3. phylum
5. D
6. From most inclusive to least inclusive: Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order,
Family, Genus, Species.
7. Clade Carnivora and Clade Felidae
Vocab
1. H
2. B
3. E
4. C
5. F
6. D
7. A
8. G
9. Archaea
10. Derived character
11. Kingdom
14. taxonomy
15. cladogram
17. genus
18. monophyletic group
Chapter 19
1. extinct is a species who died out
2. a paleontologist is someone who studies fossils
3. gradualism is a pattern where evolution occurs slowly and steadily over time
4. coevolution is a pattern where two species evolve in response to changes in
each other
5. endosymbiotic theory states that eukaryotic cells developed from
prokaryotic cells in a symbiotic relationship
6. fossil record
7. D
8. Vacuole
9. A. Water is heated and water vapor forms B. A mixture of gases is added to
the water vapor C. Circulating gases are bombarded with electricity D. Cold
water cools the chamber causing droplets to form E. Liquid containing amino
acids is collected
Vocab
1 across: period
2. index
7. endosymbiotic
9. scale
10. era
11. half life
12. extinction
1 down: paleontologist
3. extinct
4. relative dating
5. adaptive
6. coevolution
8. mass