March 31, 2014

 What is the Reformation?
 How is the Reformation connected to the Renaissance?
 Why is the Reformation important to modern society?

 Follow instructions and create an 8 page foldable. Number pages according to Mr. Buzzard’s directions
 Front Cover-Name, period number, date, and design
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Page 2- Leave Blank
Page 3- Vocabulary for sections 3 & 4
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 Section 3 pg. 633, section 4 pg. 642
Page 4- Notes “Reasons for Church Reform”
Page 5- Martin Luther
Page 6-8- will be assigned later

 The Catholic Church had many problems by the 1300s
 Too much power had led to corruption within the church
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Taxed people heavily
Many bishops behaved like kings-building palaces, spending money on fine art, making sure relatives had fine good jobs, etc.
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Many priests could barely read, didn’t know the scriptures, and couldn’t give a good sermon
The church’s focus on money led to the perception that the church was greedy
 In particular, the selling of indulgences (pardons or reductions of punishment for sin) to finance specific church projects angered many people

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Christian Humanism-the idea that human beings could use their reason to become better Christians and thus improve the Church
Desiderius Erasmus- Christian humanist, scholar, and clergyman.
One of his main goals was to translate the Bible into vernacular so that everyone could read and understand the Bible for themselves
John Wycliffe-English priest in the 1370s who opposed Church policies and preached that people needed to only recognize Jesus as the power above them, not the pope
Martin Luther-the lightning rod whose ideas started the Reformation; more on him later
William Tyndale-Englishman who strove to translate the Bible into
English; he also wrote in defense of Luther and the Reformation and would eventually be executed.

 Born in Eisleben, Germany to a family of miners
 Father beat him as a child
 Went to school to become a lawyer. On a visit home for a friend’s funeral, he was caught in a thunderstorm. Terrified, he pledges to become a monk.
 Questioned the Church’s teaching about how salvation was gained
 Eventually earned his doctorate in theology and became a teacher and preacher in in Wittenberg
 The selling of indulgences infuriated Luther and was the basis of his famous 95
Theses.

 Believed the selling of indulgences was wrong-that doing so was selling individuals a false sense of hope/security
 Believed the worship/devotion to relics was wrong
 Believed that while the pope could interpret scripture, he was not above scripture
 Wrote in German-views were spread rapidly by the printing press
 Refused to recant-or give up-his beliefs
 Excommunicated by the pope; new church was founded based upon three key ideas of Luther
 Faith in Jesus, not good works, brings salvation
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Bible is final source of truth about God-not a church or its ministers
Church is made up of all its believers, not just the clergy

 Ideas of the Reformation spread throughout the rest of Germany and eventually Europe.
 Read pages 639-641
 On page 6 of your foldable:
 Give at least 3 reasons the ideas of the Reformation spread throughout
Europe
 Give at least 3 ways the ideas of the Reformation spread throughout Europe

 Most of the Germanic kingdoms followed the lead of Luther and converted to
Protestantism
 Allowed their rulers to impose and keep their own taxes instead of paying taxes to the Catholic Church
 Peace of Augsburg ended the fighting and allowed each ruler of the Germanic kingdoms (provinces) to decide whether they would convert to Lutheranism or remain Catholic
 As Protestant ideas swept across Europe, the Catholic Church had two responses:
 Wage War on Protestantism to defeat it
 Reform itself and convince people to come back to Catholicism

 France
 John Calvin (predestination)-originally from France
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Most of France remained Catholic-only 7% became Protestant, but about 50% of the
French nobility converted to Protestantism, including the Bourbon family. French
Protestants were known as Huguenots
Bourbon family ruled a kingdom in southern France (Navarre) and were also in line for the throne of France
French nobility wanted the king to remain weak; the Huguenots so they could practice their religion freely
French king (Henry II) wanted to build a strong central government
When Henry and his son died within a year of each other, the throne passed to
Henry’s brother Charles, a 10 year old boy
Charles mother (Catherine de Medici) ruled for him; she saw the Huguenots as a threat and refused to compromise with them

 Catherine de Medici’s failure to compromise led to a civil war between the
Huguenots and the Catholics which lasted more than 30 years (1562-1593)
 1589 Henry of Navarre-head of the Bourbon family- became King Henry IV of
France
 Catholics refused to accept Protestant king
 1593 Henry converted to Catholicism in order to rule all of France
 1598 Henry issued the Edict of Nantes which said that Catholicism was the official religion of France but gave Huguenots the right to worship freely

 Protestant nobles in Bohemia (Czech Republic) rebelled against Catholic king
 Protestant kings in Germany (mostly Holy Roman Empire) aided the rebels and as a result the war spread throughout the empire
 War lasted from 1618-1648
 Became war of kingdoms. France, Sweden, Denmark, England, and the Netherlands sent troops to help the Protestants, while Spain and the Holy Roman Empire backed the Catholics
 War weakened Spain and made France one of Europe’s most powerful nations
 War also had a devastating effect on the population-some towns completely wiped out

 Catholic Church’s other response was to reform itself. This was started under the direction of Pope Paul III
 Called the Council of Trent
 Worked to make Catholic beliefs/doctrines clear and universal
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Set up strict rules of behavior for bishops and priests
Set up seminaries to educate and train priests
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Pope Paul III recognized a new order of priests-the Society of
Jesus or Jesuits
 Founded by Ignatius of Loyola, a former soldier
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Were the pope’s agents (army) in Europe
Taught, preached, and fought (literally) heresy

 Why did King Henry VIII of England decide to start his own Protestant church?
 How many wives did King Henry VIII have?
 Why is Mary I known as “Bloody Mary?”
 Why did the Pope want to see Elizabeth I killed?
 Why did King Phillip II of Spain see England as rightfully his?
 What did Kings James I and Charles I believe that made them unpopular with the people of England?
 Who was Oliver Cromwell?
 How and why did William and Mary become the King and Queen of England?

 You have the opportunity to create a cheat sheet for the unit quiz tomorrow.
Here are some guidelines:
 The quiz will cover both the Renaissance and the Reformation
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You should know all vocabulary words/definitions
Renaissance
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 Where and why it began, the major advancements in: art, learning, technology, literature, etc, the major people (da Vinci, etc.) Northern
Renaissance accomplishments, etc- anything that you think might be on the test
Reformation
 Reasons for Church Reform, Martin Luther-his disagreements, 95
Theses, etc.,-John Calvin, William Tyndale, all other major players not mentioned Counter Reformation-major responses, wars of religion, etc.