Chapter 35 Reading Quiz
1. What are the three basic plant organs?
2. Tracheids and vessel elements are cells
that make up what vascular tissue?
3. Which one of the three basic plant cell
types is used mostly for storage?
4. How long do annual plants live for?
5. What is the general name for a
perpetually embryonic tissue?
1. List the characteristics of an angiosperm,
and distinguish between the two classes.
•
•
•
1.
2.
•
Have flowers and fruit to help reproduction
Roots, stems, and leaves
Xylem & phloem
Monocotyledons (monocots)  have a single
cotyledon
Dicotyledons (dicots)  have two cotyledons
Also have several other structural differences

2. Describe the importance of root systems
and shoot systems to plants and explain how
they work together.
• They are both evolutionary adaptations for
living on land
• Roots depend on shoots for synthesizing
sugar and other organic nutrients
• Shoots depend on roots for the water and
minerals that they absorb 
3. Distinguish between xylem and phloem, and
explain how taproot and fibrous root systems
differ.
• Xylem  conveys water & dissolved
minerals from the roots to the shoots
• Phloem  transports food made in the
leaves to the roots and developing leaves
and fruits
• Taproot  one large vertical root, most
dicots (carrot)
• Fibrous  mat of threadlike roots that
spread out, most monocots (grasses) 
4. Overview the setup of a stem’s anatomy.
• Nodes  points where leaves are attached
• Internodes  stem segments between nodes
• Axillary bud  angle between leaf & stem,
potential branch shoot
• Terminal bud  the tip of a young shoot, lots of
developing leaves, nodes, & internodes
• Apical dominance  inhibition of axillary bud
growth by terminal bud dominance (apex) 
5. Overview a leaf’s anatomy.
• Stalk is called the petiole (only in some)
• Flattened blade
• Leaf shape and venation varies between
monocots & dicots
• Simple, compound, and doubly compound
leaves
• Leaves are modified to the environment
ex: cactus spines, ice plant leaves 
6. Distinguish between parenchyma,
collenchyma, and sclerenchyma cells.
• Parenchyma  relatively unspecialized,
flexible cells; used for storage generally,
carry on plant’s metabolic functions (apple)
• Collenchyma  unevenly thickened cell
walls for support in the plant (celery stalk)
• Sclerenchyma  specialized for support,
cell walls are hardened with lignin
1. Fibers – long & slender, linen fibers
2. Sclerids – irregular, pears & fruit pits 
7. Diagram and describe the two types of
water-conducting xylem cells.
1.
Tracheids – long thin cells with tapered
ends; water moves through pits; function
in support as well
2. Vessel elements – wider, shorter,
thinner-walled, less tapered; aligned
perforated end to perforated end
forming little pipes which water flows
through 
8. Describe the food-conducting cells of
phloem.
• Phloem  composed of sieve tube
members each associated with a companion
cell
• These are tubes that lack organelles and
therefore are assisted by the companion
cells that have a nucleus, ribosomes, etc.

9. Distinguish among the dermal, vascular,
and ground tissue systems.
• Dermal  epidermis of plant, includes root
hairs, cuticle, everything that you see
• Vascular  the xylem & phloem of the
plant’s tissues (usually in the center)
• Ground  makes up the bulk of the plant’s
tissues, mostly parenchyma, found mostly
between the vascular & dermal tissues 
10. Define and give examples of annual,
biennial, and perennial plants.
• Annuals  plants that complete their life cycles
(from germination – flowering – seed production –
death) in one year or less
ex: crops (legumes & cereals)
• Biennials  life spans two years; 1st is vegetative
growth, 2nd is for flowering
ex: beets & carrots
• Perennials  plants that live for many years and
can continuously grow
ex: trees, shrubs, some grasses 
11. Describe the variety of meristems that
exist on a plant.
•
Meristems  perpetually embryonic
tissues
1. Apical meristems  locates at tips of
roots and in buds of shoots, supply cells
for length (called primary growth)
2. Lateral meristems  cylinders of dividing
cells along the length of roots & shoots,
allow for a progressive “thickening” called
secondary growth (woody plants) 
12. Briefly overview the growth and tissues
of roots, describing the different zones.
• The zone of cell division includes the
primary meristems: the protoderm (dermal
tissues), procambium (vascular tissues), and
ground meristem (ground tissues)
• The zone of elongation is responsible for
pushing the root meristems ahead
• The zone of maturation is where the three
tissues produced by the primary growth
complete their differentiation 
13. Briefly overview the growth and tissues
of stems.
• The apical meristem also gives rise to the three
primary meristems
• Axillary buds, nodes, and internodes all develop
very close together and elongate as the plant tip
grows out
• The vascular tissue of the stem runs the entire
length and is surrounded by ground tissue – the
organization depends on whether the plant is a
monocot (bundles throughout) or a dicot (bundles
arranged in a ring) 
14. Describe tissue organization in leaves.
• The leaf is covered by epidermis and by a waxy
cuticle
• Stomata are located throughout and are tiny
pores flanked by guard cells which control the
size of the opening
• Stomata are for gas exchange and transpiration
(evaporation of water)
• Mesophyll is the ground tissue, mostly parenchyma
cells and the location of the chloroplasts
• The veins in a leaf are the vascular tissue 
15. Describe secondary growth in plants.
• Indicates growth of the stem diameter
• Two meristems do the job:
1. Vascular cambium (makes secondary
xylem - wood & phloem)
2. Cork cambium (produces tough thick
covering to replace epidermis – bark) 