MORE REVOLUTIONS
A World After WWI
Revolution?
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Fear change?
Embrace change?
Consequences?
Benefits?
III. Imperial China Collapses
A. China on the verge of a Revolution!
1. Foreign countries controlled trade &
economic resources (imperialism)
2. wanted to build up (industrialization)
3. Need for modernization
4. Shaky Start for the New Republic
a) The event that triggered civil war in China
was the death of General Yuan Shikai
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b) Kuomintang = Nationalist Party
1) Sun Yixian – first President = great leader
a) Sun hoped to establish a modern government based on
the “Three Principles of the People”:
(1) nationalism—an end to foreign control
(2) people’s rights—democracy
(3) people’s livelihood—economic security for all Chinese
b) main weaknesses of the new republic
1) Weak central rule
2) lack of respect from other nations
3) country needed modernizing
4) Lacked a military to FORCE it into place
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Sun Yat-sen and Chiang Kai-shek
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2. World War I Spells More Problems
a) believed that Allies would return control
of Chinese territories that Germany had
imperialized before WWI
b) Treaty of Versailles gave Japan those
territories.
c) Response: May Fourth Movement
1) Started with 3000 angry students uprising
in Beijing and the movement spread
a national movement - the people wanted
to establish a strong & modern nation
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C. The Communist Party in China
1. Mao Zedong- (1921) organizes a
COMMUNIST movement
a) would become China’s greatest
revolutionary leader.
b) Believed that the peasants could be
the true revolutionaries
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2. Lenin Befriends China
a) 1923, Lenin sent military advisers &
equipment to the Nationalists
1) Wanted to defeat the warlords
2) Lenin allies with them
3) in return allowed the Chinese
Communists to join the Kuomintang.
(Nationalist Party)
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3. Peasants Align with the Communists
a) Sun Yixian dies 1925
b) Nationalist named Jiang Jieshi
(formerly called Chiang Kai-shek)
headed the Kuomintang
1. Had business and banker supporters
2. promised democracy & political rights to all
Chinese.
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1) Nationalist government became less
democratic & more corrupt
1) Less freedoms, rights, say in gov’t, equality
c) many peasants began to support the
Chinese Communist Party
d) Mao divided land that the
Communists won among the local
farmers
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4. Nationalists & Communists Clash!
a) Nationalists turn against the Communists
b) 1928, Jiang became president of the
Nationalist Republic of China
1) Jiang ordered the Shanghai Massacre
a) Nearly wiped out the Chinese Communist
Party.
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b) Nationalist Republic of China
1) Great Britain & the United States
formally recognized the new
government
2) the Soviet Union did not!
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D. Bloody Civil War Rages in China
1. 1930, Nationalists vs. Communists
2. The Long March
Mao’s (red army) Communists vs. Jiang’s Nationalists
1. Communists outnumbered and they fled
2. 6000 mile journey, over a year long
3. 10,000-30,000 reached safely in NW China
4. Jiang’s forces couldn’t reach them, so the Red
Army survived in caves
5. at least 2/3 of the original marchers did not
complete the journey but more people joined the
Communists along the way
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2. Civil War suspended
a) 1937, the Japanese launched an all-out
invasion of Manchuria, China.
b) Invasion and bombing spread
c) By 1938, Japan held control of a large part
of China
d) Nationalists & Communists temporarily
united to fight the Japanese
Eventually, sparks up…
WWII
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IV.
Nationalism in India
& Southwest Asia!
A. Setting the Stage…..
1. end of World War I
a) broke up the Ottoman &Austrian
Empire
b) Treaty of Versailles said “imperialized
land” would receive more “Selfdetermination” [control in their own
government]
c) India - nationalism & democratic ideas
growing
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B. Indian Nationalism grows
1.Remember: Gandhi, Sepoys, Rebellion
against the British rule???
World War I increases Nationalist Activity
a) By the end of WWI, British had
established a Parliament in India
a)
Gave Indians more of a say in their gov’t
b) But the British put in policies like the
Rowlett Acts
a)
allowed the government to jail protesters without
trial for as long as two years
1) Causing violent protests!
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2) British government promised reforms
that would eventually lead to selfgovernment if Indians served in WWI
3) Indian National Congress Party and the
Muslim League fought to end foreign rule
in India completely!
2)
They wanted complete independence!
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2. Amritsar Massacre
a) demonstration alarmed the
British
1) especially the alliance of
Hindus & Muslims (worked
together for independence)
2) British Government had
OUTLAWED public
meetings
b) British believed People were
openly defying the ban
c) troops fired on the crowd
without warning
killed 400 Indians, 1,200
wounded.
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C. Gandhi’s Tactics of Nonviolence
1. Mohandas K. Gandhi
a) leader of the independence movement
b) Teachings blended ideas from all of
the major world religions
1) Hinduism
2) Islam
3) Christianity
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2. Non-cooperation!!
a) 1920, the Congress Party decided to
practice/live by:
1) civil disobedience
(a) the deliberate & public refusal to obey an
unjust law
(b) nonviolence as the means to achieve
independence
2) weaken the British government’s
authority & economic power over India.
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3. Boycotts
a) refuse to
1) buy British goods
2) Attend government
schools
3) pay British taxes
4) vote in elections
5) a) despite Gandhi’s
pleas for nonviolence,
protests often led to
riots.
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5. The Salt March
a) 1930, Gandhi organized a
demonstration to defy the hated Salt
Acts.
1) British laws
2) could buy salt from no other source
but the government.
3) had to pay sales tax on salt
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b) walked about 240 miles to the seacoast
c) began to make their own salt by
collecting seawater & letting it
evaporate
d) Police officers with steel-tipped clubs
attacked the demonstrators
e) won worldwide support for Gandhi’s
independence movement
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D. Britain Grants Limited Self-Rule
1. 1935, the British Parliament passed the
Government of India Act.
a) provided local self-government
b) limited democratic elections
c) not total independence
2. Indian Muslims feared that Hindus
would control India if it won
independence
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E. Nationalism in Southwest Asia
1. Ottoman Empire was forced to give up all
its territories except Turkey
2. Turkey becomes a Republic
2.
People have a say, elections, voting.
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a) Mustafa Kemal -Ataturk—“father of
the Turks.”
1)
2)
successfully led
Turkish
nationalists in
fighting back the
Greeks (who tried
to invade and
conquer them) &
their British
backers
Helped to
overthrow the
Ottoman sultan
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Reform in Turkey
2) 1923, Kemal became the president of the new
Republic of Turkey, the first republic in
Southwest Asia
a) separated the laws of Islam from the laws of
the nation
b) abolished religious courts & created a new legal
system based on European law
c) granted women the right to vote & to hold
public Office
d) launched government-funded programs to
industrialize Turkey & to spur economic growth
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2. Persia Becomes Iran
a)
b)
c)
d)
the British tried to take over all of Persia.
triggered a nationalist revolt in Persia
1921 Persian army officer seized power.
1925 he deposed the ruling shah.
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e) Persia’s new leader is Reza Shah
Pahlavi
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1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
established public schools
built roads & railroads
promoted industrial growth
extended women’s rights
kept all power in his own hands
1935, changed the name to the
traditional name Iran
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3. Saudi Arabia Keeps Islamic Traditions
a) powerful Arabian family began a
successful campaign to unify Arabia
1) 1932, renamed Saudi Arabia
2) Government based on custom, religion,
& family ties
3) no efforts to begin to practice
democracy
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4. Oil Drives Development
a) land around the Persian Gulf has
nearly two-thirds of the world’s
known supply of oil (Iran, Iraq, Saudi
Arabia, Kuwait)
b) oil brought huge profits
c) Western nations tried to dominate
this region
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