China and India
CHAPTER 29: REVOLUTIONS
Toward Revolution
Fall of Qing
-1911: Revolutionary Alliance (forerunner of Kuomintang)
overthrew the last emperor of the Qing dynasty.
-Fighting among groups for power
 Yuan Shikai
-Warlords form cliques
-Leader of powerful clique in Northern China
 Sun Yat-Sen
-Leader of Kuomintang (Guomindang)
-The Kuomintang (Nationalist Party) pushed for
modernization and nationalization
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MAY FOURTH MOVEMENT
1912:Sun became president of the Republic of China
-“Three Principles of the People” (Nationalism, democracy,
economic security)
-Sun resigns presidency to General Yuan Shikai
-Shikai betrays democratic ideals
-Local revolts break out
 1916:Civil war
 1917: Enter WWI on side of Allies
-Allies gave Chinese territories to Japan
 3,000 angry students gather in Beijing May 4, 1919
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CONTINUED
May Fourth Movement
-Transform China into liberal democracy
-Reforms would be meaningless in a China controlled by
warlords
 Sun Yat-sen and Kuomintang share aims of the movement
 Many realized need to do something more radical
-Serious attention given to Soviet communism
-Li Dazhao: Intellectual that called for a reworking of
Marxist ideology to fit China (Focus on peasants, not workers)
 1921: Chinese Communist Party founded
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Students in Beijing rallied during the May Fourth Movement
THE KUOMINTANG SEIZES POWER
Sun Yat-sen
-Disillusioned with Western democracies
-Allies with the Communist Party
 Lenin sent military advisors/equipment to China in 1923
-1924: Whampoa Military Academy
 Sun Yixian died in 1925
-Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-shek) heads the
Kuomintang (Feared communism; promised
democracy but became corrupt)
-Peasants gave support to Chinese Communist Party.
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MAO AND THE PEASANT OPTION
1930: Bloody civil war
-Mao and Communists in south-central
China
-Recruited peasants into Red Army and
trained them in guerilla warfare
 Nationalists attacked communists
-1933: Nationalists surround
Communists
-Long March: 6,000 mile journey to
safety in north
-Solidified Mao’s leadership and
attracted new followers
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JAPAN INVADES
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Japan took advantage of China’s weakened situation
-Invaded Manchuria
1937: Japan launched all-out invasion of China
- “Rape of Nanking”
Japanese invasion forced uneasy truce between the
Jiang’s and Mao’s forces
-Unite to fight Japanese
INDIA: NATIONALIST CHALLENGE TO BRITAIN
Nationalist Groups:
-Indian National Congress & Muslim League
 B.G. Tilak
-Traditional, pro-Hindu nationalist leader
-British exile to Burma for radical ideas
 British promised reforms in return for service during
WWI
-Modest reforms, but refuse to honor war-time
promises
-Local protests
Rowlett Act (1919): Jail protestors without trial for up to
two years
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AMRITSAR MASSACRE
1919: Hindus and Muslims
flocked to Amritsar for
peaceful protest
-British banned public
meetings
-The British commander
ordered troops to fire on crowd
 Amritsar Massacre changed
millions into nationalists
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Colonel Reginald Edward Harry Dyer
nicknamed “The Butcher of Amritsar”
was the commander responsible for
ordering the firing on civilians,
including women children.
GANDHI AND NONVIOLENCE
Mohandas K. Gandhi emerged as
independence movement
-Deeply religious approach to politics
-Noncooperation: Gandhi urges
Indian National Congress to follow this
policy
1920: Congress Party endorsed civil
disobedience-deliberate and public refusal
to obey an unjust law
 Gandhi launched this campaign to
weaken British authority and economic
power
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BOYCOTTS, STRIKES, & DEMONSTRATIONS
Gandhi asks Indians to refuse to buy British goods, attend
government schools, pay British taxes, or vote in elections
 Staged boycott of British cloth
-Urged all Indians to weave their own cloth (Homespun
movement)
-Sale of British cloth in India dropped sharply.
 Civil disobedience took economic toll on the British
 1920: British arrest thousands who took part in strikes and
demonstrations
-Protests led to violence
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THE SALT MARCH
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1930: Gandhi organized the Salt
March to protest Salt Acts
-Indians could only buy salt from
the government (Taxed)
-Gandhi and followers marched to
the sea where the people made
their own salt
Demonstrators marched to salt
processing plant
-Met with violence
60,000 people, including Gandhi,
were arrested
BRITAIN GRANTS LIMITED SELF-RULE
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1935: British Parliament passed the Government of India
Act:
-Local self-government
-Granted limited democratic elections
-Limits: It did not grant total independence
The Government of India Act fueled tensions between
Muslims and Hindus.
-Two groups had different visions for independence
-Indian Muslims feared being outnumbered by Indian
Hindus
NATIONALISM IN SOUTHWEST ASIA
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Breakup of Ottoman Empire
Growing Western political and
economic interest
-Spurred the rise of nationalism
Turkey kept its homelands
1919: Greek soldiers invade Turkey
1922: Mustafa Kemal, a nationalist
leader
-Successfully fought back
Greeks and British
-After winning, overthrew the
last Ottoman sultan
TURKEY BECOMES A REPUBLIC
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1923: Kemal became president of the Republic of Turkey and
ushered in reforms
-Separated laws of Islam from the laws of the nation
-Abolished religious courts and created a new legal system
-Granted women the right to vote
-Launched government funded programs to industrialize
Turkey
Kemal died in 1938
-Left a legacy of a new national identity
MANDATES
Britain and France occupy Middle East after WWI
-Made the Middle East mandates (Govt’s entrusted to
European nations)
-Britain promised Palestine to Jewish Zionists and Arabs
(Balfour Declaration)
-Promoted Jewish emigration
-Sense of betrayal felt by Arabs
 Zionism
-Est. Jewish homeland in Palestine
-Led by Theodor Herzl

PERSIA BECOMES IRAN
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Reza Shah Pahlavi seized
power in 1921, and in 1925
deposed the ruling shah.
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He set out to modernize the
country
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established public schools
built roads and railroads
promoted industrial growth
extended women’s rights
He kept all power in his own
hands
He changed the name of the
country from Persia to Iran
SAUDI ARABIA KEEPS ISLAMIC TRADITIONS
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In 1902, Abd al-Azis Ibn Saud
began a successful campaign
to unify Arabia
In 1932 the new kingdom was
called Saudi Arabia
Ibn Saud carried on Arab and
Islamic traditions. Loyalty was
based on custom, religion, and
family ties
Ibn Saud brought modern
technology to the country, but
limited to what was religiously
acceptable.
No democracy was practiced
EGYPT
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Lord Cromer
-Dominate government
-Oversaw sweeping reforms
-Bureaucracy, irrigation, public works
-Ayan receive most benefits from British
Resistance
-Middle class
-Sons of effendi (Prosperous business families)
Growing nationalism
-Dinshawai Incident (1906)
-Villagers mob British officers after local woman shot
-Harsh reprisals (Hanging, beaten, hard labor)
CONTINUED
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Discontent and nationalism
-Denied to travel to Versailles for treaty negotiations
-Student-led riots result
-Wafd Party emerges
-Years of negotiations between Britain and Egypt
British withdraw in stages
-Khedival regime preserved
-Party factions fight for power
-Could not give peasantry needed reforms