2.0a Past Energy Events
Commodity Markets
1/12/06
1/7/2007
NYMEX Crude Oil Futures
Henry Hub Natural Gas Futures
NYMEX Heating Oil Future
NYMEX Gasoline Futures
Local Melbourne FL Hess gasoline
Palo Verde Spot Electricity
$64.55/bbl
$9.26/mmBtu
?c/gal
$175.93 ¢/gallon
$2.32/gallon
$58.28/MWh
$56.17
$6.183
156.53
$170.00
$2.33
$48.43
http://money.cnn.com/data/commodities/ http://www.bloomberg.com/markets/commodities/energyprices.html
Frank R. Leslie,
Tidevann
B. S. E. E., M. S. Space Technology, LS IEEE
1/5/2008, Rev. 1.7
fleslie @fit.edu; (321) 674-7377; Link Bldg. Rm. 104
www.fit.edu/~fleslie
http://my.fit.edu/~fleslie/CourseRE/ClassPres/ClassHTM/RE020aCurrentEvents_files/frame.htm
Energy News Headlines as of 1/11/2007
Toyota Highlander
 Florida Public Service Commission announces new rules to
encourage RE (renewable energy)
 Frank Kepler of Max Planck Institute, Germany has found that
plants (trees, etc.) give off ~30% of atmospheric methane
 11 coal miners killed in West Virginia 1/4/2006
 Russia’s Gazprom raises natural gas price for Ukraine four times to
$230/m3, provoking protests 12/30/05; settled at $100 ~1/4/2007;
caused western Europe shortages; ok on 1/11/2007 12:50 am
 US Production Tax Credit of 1.9 cents per kWh passed (helps
windfarms) as part of Working Families Tax Relief Act; GE Energy
going ahead with $1.3B wind
 More hybrid vehicles available to public
 Auto Show news of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles coming in 20082009
 GM Volt sport car
070111
Selected Headlines as of 1/7/2007
Toyota Highlander
 2007 Jan: Oil falls from mid-$60s to $53 – is all well
with cheap oil?
 2007 Jan: Iran to Turkey gas pipeline reopens
 2007 Jan: “Wal-Mart goes Green” [WCCO, MN]
 “U.S. lawmakers unveiled a raft of energy-related bills in
the early hours of the 110th Congress aimed at boosting
fuel ethanol use, extracting liquid fuels from coal and
tightening automobile fuel efficiency rules. “ [Reuters]
 For some current prices, see http://money.cnn.com/markets/commodities/
http://www.bloomberg.com/energy/
070107
2a.1 Overview of Energy Issues
 Energy decisions are influenced by supply and demand,
politics, public interest or protests, availability, fuel
source commodity changes, and economics
 Ten-year construction time of a utility plant requires a
reasonably stable market to justify construction loans
 Uncertainty of the energy commodity markets can
destabilize the perception of future energy needs
 Proposed energy plants are usually met with opposition
from potential neighbors (NIMBYs) or distant NGOs
(nongovernmental organizations)
What’s a “CAVE”?
070111
2a.2.1 Recent Energy-Related Events
(within ~1 year)
 Still . . . : Pres. G.W. Bush still wants to drill for oil in Arctic
National Wildlife Reserve (ANWR); environmentalists fighting
potential pollution; estimates are that oil could satisfy US
needs for six months to twelve years in only 10 years
depending upon who estimates; could be held in reserve as
part of SPR (Strategic Petroleum Reserve) House OK; Senate
blocked 12/21/2005.
 Opened Bristol Bay, Alaska for drilling 1/10/07
 Cape Wind still striving for first plant of Nantucket against
much opposition www.capewind.org; Corps of Engineers EIS
released; 1500 ft from navigation lanes mandated 12/2005;
underwater power cable approved 12/06
 $20B invested in renewable energy vs. $150B in all global
power – Erin Martinot
060105
2a.2.2a The US Energy Policy
 The US Energy Policy of May 2001 set the structure for future
energy approaches; updated by Energy Policy Act of 2005 &
2006
 The Clean Coal Program is being researched to develop very
low emissions after stack gas cleaning
 Renewables comprise a small part (~ 4%) of US energy
sources, even including large hydro
Hydro is indirect solar power and is renewable
 Advanced nuclear plants could supply H2 for “Hydrogen
Economy” as an alternate to natural gas (depleting)
070111
2a.2.2b The US Energy Policy Act of 2005
 PUHCA (Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1924) repealed
12/2005
 Interstate utility mergers permitted now
 ConocoPhillips acquiring Burlington Resources for $37B
 Exelon buying New Jersey Public Service Enterprise Group
 Mergers reduce competition and increase market share
 Wind Production Tax Credit Act extends credit to 2007
 Minerals Management Service now oversees offshore alternative
energy development like offshore wind turbines
 Coastal states receive 27% of revenue
070110
2a.2.2c Arctic Nat’l Wildlife Refuge (ANWR)
 ANWR has a contentious past
 Potential oil and gas reserves of ~1 year 10 years from now
 “Equivalent to 30 years of Saudi Arabia imports”
 $10.4B reserves located in Northeastern Alaska
 Coastal plain with some development; no trees
 Drilling may interfere with wildlife migration
 Environmentalists fighting to preserve area for caribou
 Removed from Energy Policy Act to avoid blocking passage
 Added to Defense Dep’t. Budget Bill
 House passed, but Senate couldn’t get votes to overcome
Democratic filibuster 12/21/2005; withdrawn for possible later
action
051221
2a.2.3.1 US --- Misc. Details
 FPL merging with Constellation to be Constellation Energy?
 “Never mind”; cancelled
 Duke merging with Cinergy for $8.5B
 Exelon merging with New Jersey's Public Service Enterprise
Group Inc. for $16 billion
 New York State Renewable Portfolio Standard mandates 25% RE by
2013; 19% now large hydro; to be wind, hydro, biomass
 Mild winter weather lowers fuel oil demand and heating oil future
price falls to ~$1.72 per gallon; NG $10.88/MBtu; spot electricity,
$53.70/MWh, 12/30/05
 Seven governors in NE form Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative
(RGGI) to cut CO2 10% by 2019
 US “green” power increased to 4500 GWh annually
060105
2a.2.3.2 US --- Energy Markets
http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/coal/page/coalnews/coalmar.html
060106

Prices continue to trend
upwards or fluctuate

Natural gas is most
volatile fuel
2a.3 Worldwide Markets
 Oil (and sub-products) and natural gas are marketed and
shipped on the international commodity market
A commodity is somewhat indistinguishable regardless of
source (fungible) -- Crude oil futures $53.75 on
1/11/2007 12:05
Branding is sometimes used to attempt to get a better
price -- like Florida orange juice vs. California
 Gasoline is often the same to the tank truck distribution
point, where additives color the gasoline with dyes or provide
cleaning solvents, but mostly enhance marketing content
 Volatile fuel prices, but trends higher with time
 Natural gas price shows winter demand cyclic peaks for
Northern states heating
070111
2a.2.4.1 Coal
 The US has large coal reserves that are expected to last ~200 years
 Potential for building 40GW of new plants (for reference, St. Lucie nuclear
plant ~1.7GW)
 “Clean Coal” with reduced emissions is heavily Federal-subsidized
 Coal mining kills 1000s of miners each year worldwide
http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/coal/page/coalnews/coalmar.html
070111
2a.2.4.2 Petroleum (Crude Oil)
 Raw crude oil is a commodity traded in the world market
 The price fluctuates with worldwide demand
 $57/barrel on 12/21/2005; $62 on 12/4/06; $56 on 1/5/2007; $53.75
on 1/11/07
 #2 fuel oil is widely used for home heating in the Northeast
 Homeowners compete with large utilities for fuel
 Mild 2006 winter meant more diesel available & less heating oil
produced
 Cold weather now would use more and drive prices higher
 Multitude of products and materials such as gasoline, diesel, plastics
feedstocks produced from petroleum
 TV stock pundit Jim Cramer, Street.com, observes that many oil fields now
require more drilling of wells just to get the same production, so invest in
drilling companies (disclaimer: I did FSESX)
070111
2a.2.4.2.1 Top Exporters
Top World Oil Net Exporters, 2004*
(OPEC members in italics)
 OPEC controls the
prices of its members
 World market also
controls by supply and
demand
 The United States
imports much of its
foreign oil supply from
Venezuela (12 to 15%
of US needs)
 Politics and union
strikes dominate
Venezuela oil
market
 Pres. Chavez is a
socialist and antiUS, pro-Cuba;
reelected 12/2006;
inaugurated
1/10/07
070111
http://www.venezuelanalysis.com/articles.php?artno=1408
Country
Net Oil Exports
(million barrels per
day)
1)
Saudi Arabia
8.73
2)
Russia
6.67
3)
Norway
2.91
4)
Iran
2.55
5)
Venezuela
2.36
6)
United Arab Emirates
2.33
7)
Kuwait
2.20
8)
Nigeria
2.19
9)
Mexico
1.80
10)
Algeria
1.68
11)
Iraq
1.48
12)
Libya
1.34
13)
Kazakhstan
1.06
14)
Qatar
1.02
http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/topworldtables1_2.html
2a.2.4.2.2 Iraq
 $1.3B-$18B oil smuggling was known to UN Security Council
but was not stopped according to Paul Volcker [Seattle Post
Intelligencer, 12/27/2004]; different from “oil-for-food” (or
oil-for-palaces) program that the UN also mishandled
 Iraq has significant oil reserves (third) yet has a fraction of
the World market
Greatest price effect is from psychological impact of
turmoil on markets
 Oil pipelines are readily sabotaged as they often are exposed
above sand, isolated, and easy to bomb
061204
2a.2.4.2.3 Afghanistan
 Afghanistan could be a
route to bring
petroleum pipelines
from Turkmenistan in
the north to the
Arabian Sea for ease of
water export
 Turkmenistan has
onshore and Caspian
Sea oil fields
 Turmoil in Afghanistan
prevents development;
tribal chiefs (politically
incorrect: warlords)
control remote areas
 National government
tenuous
http://news.bbc.co.uk/olmedia/1585000/images/_1585
197_afghan_targets2_300.gif
051230
2a.2.4.3 Natural Gas (NG)
 Clean-burning NG is the utility fuel of choice because of low
emissions
 Supplies are limited in N. America, and importation from overseas
by liquefied natural gas (LNG) tankers will become necessary
 Environmentalists are fighting any new LNG terminals, saying
that conservation and efficiency are all that is required to reduce
need
 Natural gas is widely used for home heating in the Midwest
 Dow executive says 30 to 40 times current LNG terminals are
needed to meet future demand
 LNG pipeline and terminal proposed for Fort Lauderdale FL
 10 miles offshore; LNG gasified from seawater; reduces hazard
 See the huge LNG tanker attacked by terrorists in the closing
moments of the oil intrigue thriller movie “Syriana”
070110
2a.2.4.3.1 Merchant Power Plants
 Merchant plants sell power to utilities on short notice (phone call),
as they can be started and deliver in about 20 minutes
 The Oleander Plant near I-95 and FL 520 went online ~11/2002; 5
aeroderivative turbines (simple-cycle without HRSG); combinedcycle turbines would have been more efficient but would not qualify
under PURPA (Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act) law defect.
 Clean NG plants can burn oil if cheaper that day
 Power is sold under “Power Purchase Agreements” in blocks of
megawatt-hours at about $65 per megawatt-hour
070111
2a.2.4.4 Nuclear
 Iran talks resume, stop, resume, stop, etc.
 Power, or for weapons
 Some say oil-rich Iran doesn’t need nuclear power, but when oil
becomes extremely expensive, they will want local power from
other means so they can sell the oil
 Russia may host Iranian fuel processing
 World nuclear power cleanup means high expenses --- ~$1.7T
 Yucca Mt. divisive debate continues; Sen. Harry Reid (D-NV) is new
majority leader and controls what bills go to the floor and which are
ignored, so Yucca Mt. may languish
 More nuclear plants proposed for Florida to diversify energy
sources, and the alternative is coal
 (I like renewables, but massive power is from conventional
utilities)
070110
2a.2.4.4 Nuclear Uranium Depletion
 Uranium supplies diminish as more is mined; price will rise
 Time to peak varies, but may be 30 years
070107
2a.2.4.4.1 North Korean Nuclear Plants
 The US had been selling oil to North Korea to keep them from
starting/continuing their nuclear program (possible weapons)
 A side effect of nuclear power plants is that the plutonium content
of the fuel rods increases with age, and weapons might be made
from the “spent fuel” through reprocessing
 When the US stopped oil sales because of North Korean missile
sales, North Korea announced that it must again turn to nuclear
power to get energy; US fears weapon development
 North Korea has now disconnected or blocked IDEA surveillance
cameras at their power plants and pulled out of the Nuclear
Nonproliferation Treaty
 They now claim to have reprocessed uranium to get plutonium for
nuclear weapons
061204
2a.2.4.5 Hydropower
 China building 12.6GW Xiluodu dam; 22.4GW now at Three Gorges
Dam
 Belize completed 7.3MW dam; earlier, build 25MW dam at Macal
River; these are <30MW and are “small” hydro
 Primary power source in WA, OR, & AZ
 Smaller hydro in many other states
 Small dams often now being removed
 Methane and CO2 emissions from decaying organic matter in
reservoir?
 Emissions are worse in tropical heat
070111
2a.2.4.6.1 Onshore Wind Energy
 Atlantic City NJ has 4 new turbines at a sewage
treatment plant that will supply much of the power there
 FPL continues to develop and operate the majority
(40%) of US windfarms
 More windfarms erected in the West and Great Plains of
US
 Xcel Energy will add 775MW wind plant to 282MW in
CO; sells to SCE & PG&E in CA --- AWEA
 Canada to install 7000MW by 2013 [Renewable Energy
News]
051219
2a.2.4.6.2 Offshore Wind Energy
 Wind is strong and steady offshore, but installation is
costly in seabed
 US has 900 GW offshore potential
 DOE, GE, and Univ Mass form Mass Tech Collaborative
 Galveston Offshore Wind to build 7 miles off Galv.
Island; 50 wind turbines 150MW in 4 to 7 years
 Minerals Management Service, US DOI has offshore
authority
 Floating Hywind 3MW turbines 80m above water; 90m
diameter
 GE opening turbine plant near Raleigh NC
GE makes blades in Pensacola FL
070107
2a.2.4.7 Solar Energy
 FPL introduced a “Sunshine Plan” where homeowners can sign up
for $9.75 a month to fund solar panels that intertie with the grid
 The solar power doesn’t necessarily go to those paying this
amount; 200kW array to be built at Sarasota
 Western US could install 8000MW by 2015 [RE News, 12/05]
 U. Colorado won Solar Decathlon; 18 colleges & universities built
sustainable dwellings [RE News, 12/05]
 World Solar Challenge held in Australia; Dutch car won, but U
Michigan was 3rd [RE News, 12/05]
 ECD Ovonics opening thin-film plant in China; 25MW/year
 San Diego buying power from Stirling dishes; 300MW 6000 units in
3 square miles
 NYC BIPV rated 210kWp at Stillwell Ave. Station
 As EU fails to meet Kyoto Protocol, more solar cells will go from US
factories to Germany, etc.
 (For calibration, the St. Lucie Nuclear Plant is 2 cells x 850MW)
051221
2a.2.4.8 Geothermal Energy
 The Geysers CA (near Calistoga) continues to provide steam turbine
power
 Air conditioning heat pumps can extract or reject heat using ground
water, significantly increasing the efficiency
 Common with Florida 68-degree artesian water in 1960s
 Heated water was dumped
070111
2a.2.4.9.1 Ocean Current Energy
 New system to be deployed near Portugal
 Palatka-based Ocean Systems prototyped 10-ft diameter turbine
 Locations like Gulf Stream are limited
 Rivers might use similar designs
051230
2a.2.4.9.2 Ocean Wave Energy
 Pelamis pipeline-type prototype installed
 US Navy funding 1MW wave farm off Hawaii
 Linear generator installed in UK in 2005 (like shaker flashlights [not
Shaker (;-) ])
 SDE 40MW Sri Lanka plant
 Hydraulic piston motors drive generators
 Ocean Power Technology 1MW Oahu Hawaii
 Manchester “Bobber” scale model deployed
051230
2a.2.4.9.3 Ocean Tidal Energy






051230
Tidal power was used in US ~1700 for grain mills
Test installations in North Sea near Scotland, Orkney
“Total Delay” to be constructed about 2007/2008
Tidal energy varies greatly worldwide
Tide range must exceed 5 meters to be useful
Marine Current Turbine’s 300kW unit shown below left; others right
http://www.hie.co.uk/aie/tidal_power.html
2a.2.4.9.4 Ocean Thermal Energy
 Ocean Thermal Energy Lab in Hawaii now supplies cooling water for
buildings
 OTEC is too expensive for power production --- But, wait! There’s
more!
 Japan is planning an OTEC installation at an atoll
Source: SeaSolarPower.com
http://www.nrel.gov/otec/what.html
060104
2a.2.4.10 Biomass Energy
 Brazil sugar production diverted to ethanol
 Major potential source of Florida renewable energy
 Protests starting over land use
 Ethanol pollutes claims
 More energy to produce than can be gotten out of it, or maybe
the reverse
051221
2a.2.5.1 International
 United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
 Stated global warming exists and much is caused by humans
 Ice melting and sea level rise is a global warming concern
 It’s about 1 to 2 mm per year --- wear your boots!
 Kyoto protocol cuts carbon emissions below 1990 reference year
 Most countries can’t do it now
 UN Montreal COP11 meeting discussed further energy and emission
policy
 US and China declined to join talks for binding limits due to
economic constraints
 European Parliament wants 20 to 25% renewables [RE News]
 Berlin mandates new buildings have 75% solar power
 US greenhouse gases (GHG) rose 2% in 2004 [EIA]
070111
2a.2.5.1.1 Iran
 Iran is the second largest oil producer with a total of
3.5 MM bpd. [Source: AFP, http://www.gasandoil.com/goc/features/fex21800.htm ]
 Iran has extensive oil fields supplying 10% of
World’s oil energy
New agreements to supply China with oil
 Multibillion dollar pipelines are planned to India
 Iran has agreed to temporary halt to nuclear
reprocessing capability (but continues?)
 China backs them for oil in the UN Security Council
 Difficult political problem
 Striving for nuclear capability
070111
2a.2.5.1.2 China
 China developing more hydro, wind, and solar energy
 Three Gorges dam will reach 26 turbines x 700MW =
18 000 GW and has 175 m height [Renewable Energy
World, Nov/Dec 04]
 Greatly increased Chinese car and truck production
demands more gasoline and diesel; they compete on the
World market for oil
 Gains minority stake in Russia’s Yukos oil
 Tried to buy California SOCAL oil company but blocked
by US government
070111
2a.2.5.1.3 India
 India developing more hydro, wind, and solar
energy
 Deregulating coal to increase production
1/11/07
 Greatly increased car and truck production
demands more gasoline and diesel; they, too,
compete on World market
 India’s population growing faster than China and
will soon surpass China in population and
energy demands
070111
2a.2.5.1.4 Other
 Russian Yukos oil company auctioned off due to
tax bill; China gets minority interest that will
reduce Western influence
050113
2a.2.5.1.5 US General Energy Costs
Type
Cost $ per kW
to build plant
Cost per kWh
Wave
$650,000
“very low” , <3 - 10¢?
Coal
$1500
3¢
Natural Gas
$900
3.5¢
Solar
$1500
12¢
Wind
$3000
3.6¢
Geothermal
$1300 - 2500
2.5 - 10¢
Ocean Thermal
$1500
unknown
Biomass
$700-1800
unknown
ON&T, 11/22/05 p.48
070111
2a.2.5.1.5 Other Areas of Interest
 Europe: Onshore and offshore wind turbines; High fuel taxes
 Greece: Solar, wind, geothermal, biomass = greatest use of
renewable energy in Europe
 Bolivia: Socialist president elected 12/18/2005
 Hydrogen can be electrolyzed for sale at $4 to $15 per kg
 PA 680MW solar Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) by
2020
0512221
2a.2.5.2 State of Florida Energy
 Florida Energy Forum (12/2005) was held to elicit opinions as to
future energy sources and issues
 Florida has extensive biomass that could be used for thermal or
electrical generation
 Sugar cane bagasse for ethanol or chip wood for “cellulosic
methanol”
 Enviros fighting biofuels due to land, emissions, etc.
 Solar energy in Melbourne is approximately 4.7 equivalent sun hours
per day due to rain storms, cloudiness, etc. while Arizona has 6 to 7
 Florida is rated “marginal” or Class 2 for wind energy, though
possibly offshore Jacksonville, it is much higher
 PSC 10-year outlook report
 1990, 11% NG; 2005, 30%; 2014, 44%
 2005, 10% nuclear; new plant in 2015?
070111
2a.3 Past Energy Events
(older than ~1 year)
 18 states file legal brief to Feds supporting local state control of energy --LNG ports 1/12/2005
 Pres. Bush states advanced nuclear power is “renewable” (?!) and needed
to replace natural gas 1/12/2005 http://www.newkerala.com/newsdaily/news/features.php?action=fullnews&id=59613
 Spain and Algeria to be linked by 200 km MEDGAZ pipeline; construction
company formed http://www.cepsa.com/corporativo/pages/c_4_6_1eng.htm
 2004: Hurricane Katrina damaged Gulf oil rigs & refineries resulting in
gasoline shortages; product “shut in” and can’t be flowed to market
 ~__/__ Pres. Clinton sold oil from Strategic Petroleum Reserve (SPR) to
stabilize prices; Pres. Bush sold from SPR to help reduce shortages in 2005
(max is 115? day supply)
 ~2001: California electrical problems; short-sighted legislative problems;
rolling blackouts; trading electricity contracts (Enron debacle)
 ~1973: US faces gasoline supply problems and long lines of cars at pumps
060113
2a.4.1 Energy Fiction Book
 Michael Crichton wrote “State of Fear” about tsunamis and climate
change, finishing ~September 2004
 Conspirators, media manipulation, killings, romance, adventure,
eco-terrorists, shady orchestrators of environmental
organizations, billionaire funding
 Characters in the story provide footnotes as references!
 Scientific uncertainty is discussed; graphs presented
 Crichton appendix states his feelings on science & bias
 Twenty-page bibliography
 Number 2 on New York Times best-seller list 1/11/2005
 Crichton quotes Mark Twain: “There is something
fascinating about science. One gets such wholesale returns
of conjecture out of such a trifling investment of fact.”
 Book attacked by environmentalists
051219
2a.4.2 Energy Movies
 “Syriana” released in December 2005
Story of oil peak, intrigue, and manipulation in the Middle
East; corrupt companies and individuals
Starring George Clooney plays CIA agent, and is a
Palestinian prime minister look-alike
Alexander Siddig (Dr. Bashir of “Star Trek: Deep Space
Nine”) plays an ethical good prince of Syriana who gets
killed for wanting best interests for his country’s people
http://syrianamovie.warnerbros.com/
 “China Syndrome” atomic meltdown starring Jane Fonda
 “Cold Fusion” (it’s still fiction!)
070107
2a Conclusion: Recent Events
 The primary event has been the energy shortage caused
by Hurricane Katrina
 Passage of the 2005 & 2006 Energy Policy Acts
 ANWR blocked again
 Winter temperatures drive price volatility in heating
fuels, especially natural gas (NG)
 Energy plants NG use competes with home heating, and
cost is rising with demand; 15% imported; needed LNG
importation fought by environmentalists
 Oil was at $26.01 as of 12/12/2002; $34.31 on
1/9/2004; ~$43 on 12/31/2004, but reached $70; $59
on 12/30/2005; $62 on 12/4/2006; $56 on 1/5/07; $53
on 1/11/07
070107
2a References: Books
 Boyle, Godfrey. Renewable Energy: Power for a
Sustainable Future, Second Ed. Oxford: Oxford Univ.
Press, 452 pp., 2004.
 Brower, Michael. Cool Energy. Cambridge MA: The MIT
Press, 1992. 0-262-02349-0, TJ807.9.U6B76,
333.79’4’0973.
 Sørensen, Bent. Renewable Energy, Second Edition. San
Diego: Academic Press, 2000, 911 pp. ISBN 0-12656152-4.
 Crichton, Michael. State of Fear. NY: HarperCollins
Publishers, Inc., 603pp., 2004.0-06-621413-0.
041231
2.a References: Websites, other
www.iaea.or.at/
International Atomic Energy Agency
http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/ipsr/contents.html Energy Information Agency
NPR radio, CNN news, Fox News Channel, MSNBC News
www.mms.gov/offshore/RenewableEnergy/RenewableEnergyMain.htm
__________________________
awea-windnet@yahoogroups.com. Wind Energy elist
awea-wind-home@yahoogroups.com. Wind energy home powersite elist
geothermal.marin.org/ on geothermal energy
www.dieoff.org. Site devoted to the decline of energy and effects upon population
www.google.com/search?q=%22renewable+energy+course%22
solstice.crest.org/
dataweb.usbr.gov/html/powerplant_selection.html
http://www.unc.edu/~rowlett/units/index.html -- a good units definition site
http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/ir.html -- quick country guide
http://syrianamovie.warnerbros.com/
http://www.CampusClimateChallenge.com
051230
Olin Engineering Complex 4 kW Solar PV Roof Array
Questions?
070111