Revolution +
Nationalism
Ch 30
1900-1939
Russia
• Rule of
the Czars
U.S.S.R.
• Russia was an autocracy (a gov.’t in
which the ruler has unlimited power +
uses it in an arbitrary manner)
• Anyone who questioned the czar’s
authority, spoke a language other than
Russian, or didn’t practice the Russian
Orthodox Christian faith was considered
dangerous
• Jews were especially persecuted
• When Czar Nicholas II came into power,
Russia was modernizing, but it was still
behind Western Europe
• He rapidly industrialized Russia
• Led to bad living + working
conditions which angered
many Russians
•
of the
• A group that followed the views of Karl
Bolsheviks
Marx formed
• They believed industrial workers
(proletariat) would overthrow the
czar
• The radical Bolsheviks were
willing to sacrifice everything
to make that change
• Led by Vladimir Lenin
“Comrade Lenin Cleanses the
Earth of Filth”, a Communist
poster from 1920.
• Crises Cause
the Czar to
Lose Support
1. Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905)
• Loses angered Russians
2. Bloody Sunday (Jan. 22, 1905)
• 200,000 workers + their families
marched to the czar’s palace w/ a
petition asking for better working
conditions, more personal
freedoms, + an elected national
legislature
• Czar’s generals ordered
soldiers to fire on the crowd +
hundreds died
• Provoked violence + so
Czar Nicholas II granted
more personal freedom +
created the Duma (Russian
parliament) - which he
would later dissolve
• 3. WWI – Russians suffered
numerous defeats + casualties
• 4. Rasputin, a corrupt “holy man”
was able to treat Prince Alexis (heir
to the Russian throne) for his
hemophilia. B/c of that, while the
czar was fighting in WWI, the
czarina let Rasputin make
important political decisions
• He was despised by Russians
+ murdered
• The March
Revolution
• 200,000 workers go out into the
streets + protest the gov.’t
• Soldiers will side w/ them
• Led to revolution + the abdication of
Czar Nicholas II (last czar of Russia)
• A provisional gov.’t (temporary gov.’t)
was established. It was weak + kept
Russia in WWI
• The Bolshevik • (1918-1920) Lenin returned to
Revolution
Russia + led the Bolsheviks. They
toppled the provisional gov.’t + took
over
• Signed truce w/ Germany +
surrendered a lot of land
• Russians angry + civil
war breaks out
• The Red Army (Lenin’s Bolsheviks)
fought against the White Army
(Some supported a czarist gov.’t,
some wanted democracy, + some
were socialists who didn’t like Lenin)
• 14 mil Russians die from war +
famine
• Red Army won
• Formation of
the U.S.S.R.
• Lenin revived economy by
establishing a socialist economy
(system in which the gov.’t controls
major industries)
• Lenin ordered the deaths of the czar
+ his family
• Lenin reorganized gov.’ts w/in the
country + renames Russia the Union
of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR
or Soviet Union)
• Bolsheviks rename
themselves the
Communist Party
End Section 1
30.2
Joseph Stalin takes power of USSR after Lenin
+ establishes a totalitarian state…
• Totalitarianism • A gov.’t that takes total, centralized,
state control over every aspect of
public + private life
• Totalitarian leaders appear to
provide a sense of security + give
direction for the future
• Challenges the highest values of
Western democracies (reason,
freedom, human dignity, + worth of
individuals)
• Characteristics of a totalitarian gov.’t include:
• Police Terror – crush opposition, spy +
intimidate, often use brutal methods
• Indoctrination – instruction in the
gov.’t’s beliefs (control education to
glorify the leader, his policies, +
establish loyalty)
• Propaganda + Censorship – gov.’t
controls media + only shows info that
reflects positively on the gov.’t (much
of it is lies)
• Religious or Ethnic Persecution – often
create “enemies of the state”
(someone to blame for any of the
gov.’t’s failures), usually a member of a
minority group who are often subjected
to campaigns of terror
• His secret police monitored phone
• Stalin Builds a
lines, read mail, + planted informers
Totalitarian State
everywhere
• In 1934, he launched the Great
Purge, a campaign of terror to
eliminate anyone who threatened
his power (real or imagined)
• “enemies” were found
guilty of “crimes against
the state” + sent to labor
camps or executed
• Controlled all sources of media + the
arts – had to glorify Stalin + the USSR
• Controlled education from nursery
schools to college
• Tried to achieve a atheist state by
persecuting different faiths (many still
clung to their religious beliefs though)
• Stalin
•
Controls
the
Economy •
Proclaimed that USSR was far behind western
powers in development + tried to close the gap
quickly
Established a command economy (system where
the gov.’t makes all economic decisions)
• Sought to speed up industrialization w/ the
1st 5-year plan (plan for the development of
the USSR). It set impossibly high goals for
production for items like steel, coal, oil, etc…
• Led to shortages of consumer goods,
+ although most goals weren’t met,
many gains were made.
• Launched a 2nd 5-year plan w/ similar
results
• Also sought to control agricultural production
• Seized private farms + combined them
into large, gov.’t owned farms called
collective farms. The crops were
given to the state to redistribute
• Effects on
Society
• + Effects:
• People became better educated +
mastered new technical skills
• Women were treated more equally
• Many held important jobs (but
typically not the best jobs)
• - Effects:
• Personal freedoms limited, shortage
of consumer goods, dissent prohibited
• Women, in addition to holding a full
time job, were still responsible for all
housework + childcare
End Section 2
30.3
China
• After the
• China had suffered years of humiliation by
Fall of the
foreigners + experiences a in nationalism
Emperor
• China’s last emperor is overthrown by nationalist
gov.’t in 1911
• The Kuomintang (Nationalist Party of China – also
known as Guomindang) come into power +
establish a republic
• Supported modernization + nationalism
• The president isn’t strong enough to secure national
unity + turns the gov.’t over to a general – chaos
ensues
• He dies + civil war breaks out
• China supports Allies in WWI, but is angry when
Treaty of Versailles gives lands it wanted to Japan
• Start to turn away from democracy in favor of
communism
•
of 2
Chinese
Gov.’ts
• The Chinese Communist Party was
organized in 1921, one of the
founding members was Mao
Zedong
• He wanted a communist
revolution to begin in the
country w/ the peasants as the
revolutionaries
• A new leader in the Kuomintang,
Chiang Kai-Shek (or Jiang Jieshi)
promised democracy, but his gov.’t
became increasingly corrupt + most
peasants turn towards Mao’s
communists
• (1927) Chiang’s Nationalist troops
go into Chinese cities + killed many
Communist leaders nearly wiping
out the Communist Party in China
• (1928) Chiang became president of
China – surviving Communists
enraged
• Civil War
• By 1930, civil war had
broken out
• Mao + the
Communists base
themselves in the
countryside + recruit
peasants
• Frequently
attacked by
Chiang’s
Nationalists, but
never defeated
• 1933, Chiang + an army of
700,000 surrounded the
Communists’ base.
100,000 communists fled +
made a 6,000 mi journey
called The Long March.
• Japanese
• While the Communists + Nationalists
Invade China
are fighting, the Japanese invade
Manchuria (NE China) in 1931 – this
is the beginning of WWII in Asia
• In 1937, Japan launches an all-out
invasion of China (known as the 2nd
Sino-Japanese War) + would
eventually control a large part of
China
• This would lead to a temporary
truce b/w the Communists + the
Nationalists as they united to
fight the Japanese
End Section 3
30.4
• India
•
•
•
India + SW Asia
Nationalism had been growing since mid 1800s.
Many Indians went to British schools + learned
European views on nationalism + democracy.
They took those ideas home w/ them.
2 groups had formed to promote Indian indep.:
1. Indian National Congress (or Congress
Party) – Mostly Hindus
2. The Muslim League
During WWI, millions of Indians served in the
British Army w/ Britain’s promise of reforms
leading to Indian indep. afterwards
• Britain didn’t keep its promise + Indian
radicals commit acts of violence
• Britain passed the Rowlatt Acts (1919)
which allowed the gov.’t to jail protestors
w/o trial up to 2 yrs
• Amritsar
Massacre
• To protest the Rowlatt Acts, 10,000 Hindu
+ Muslim Indians gathered at Amritsar +
held a festival (non-violent, intended to
pray, fast, + listen to political speeches)
• Most didn’t know public meetings
were banned
• British commander thought
they were openly defying the
ban
• British ordered to fire on the crowd w/o
warning for 10 min.
• 400 Indians died + 1,200 wounded
• Immediately after, millions of
Indians begin to support the
Nationalist movement
• British officers responsible weren’t
punished
• Gandhi
• Mohandas Gandhi became the
leader of India’s indep. movement
• Became known as “Mahatma”
(Great Soul)
• He urged a policy of noncooperation
w/ British gov.’t
• (1920) Congress Party endorsed
nonviolence + civil disobedience
(deliberate + public refusal to obey
an unjust law) to achieve indep.
• He called on Indians to refuse to
attend gov.’t schools, not to pay
British taxes, + boycott British goods
esp. cloth which was very important
to the British. He encouraged
Indians to make their own cloth.
• (1930) He organized The Salt
March in which he + his followers
walked 240mi to the sea to make
their own salt by collecting
seawater + letting the water
evaporate rather than buying salt +
paying the British salt tax
• They then marched to a
saltworks where the British
processed salt, intending to
shut it down but were brutally
attacked by police
• Gandhi + 60,000
others were arrested
• (1935) Britain passed the Gov.’t of
Indian Act which allowed local selfgov.t’ but not total indep.
• Turkey•
•
Formerly Ottoman Empire, lost territory after WWI
1919, Greeks invade Turkey but were defeated by
Turkish Nationalists led by Mustafa Kemal.
• He then overthrew the sultan + became 1st
president of the Republic of Turkey-1st republic
in SW Asia
•
•
•
To modernize Turkey he:
1. Separated laws of Islam from laws of state
2. Abolished religious courts + created a legal
system based on European law
3. Gave women right to vote + hold public office
4. Gov.’t funded industrialization
He also required Turks to dress in a more western
manner + changed the alphabet from Arabic to Latin
Kemal given the name Ataturk (Father of the Turks)
• Iran
• Persia had been divided into British +
Russian spheres of influence
• Britain tried to take over all of Persia
during the Russian Revolution
• Triggered a Persian nationalist
revolt
• Persian army officer Reza Pahlavi seized
power
• To modernize his country he:
1. Established public schools
2. Built roads + RRs
3. Promoted industrialization
4. Extended women’s rights
- But he kept all the power
• He changed Persia’s name to Iran
• Saudi Arabia
• In 1902, Abd Al-Aziz Ibn Saud
unified Arabia + renamed it the
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia after
his family
• Carried on Islamic traditions
• Modernization was limited
to religiously acceptable
areas
• No efforts to practice
democracy were made
End Section 4