Review Sheet
Final Exam
1. Scientific Method
Know the definition of the following. Be able to identify these in an experiment.
a. Problem What you are trying to solve.
b. Hypothesis An educated guess.
c. Control group Part of the experiment that remains constant.
d. Experimental group Part of the experiment being tested.
e. Independent variable
Variable changed by the scientist
f. Dependent variable
Data that is collected
g. Procedure Steps taken in an experiment.
h. Conclusion Answers the problem.
2. Classification
a. Define classification - Separating organisms into groups according to
similarities and differences.
b. List the 5 kingdoms?
Animals, Plants, Moneran, Protist, Fungi
c. Write two characteristics and two examples for each kingdom.
Plant
Multicellular
Makes own food
(autotroph)
Animal
Multicellular
Does not make own food
(heterotroph)
Moneran
Unicellular
Some make own food
Some don’t
Fungi
Multicellular/ unicellular
Does not make own food
(heterotroph)
Protist
Mostly Unicellular
Some make own food
(autotroph)
Some do not make own food
(heterotroph)
d. Write one main difference between plants and fungi - Fungi cannot
make own food
e. Write one main difference between members of the plant and
members of the animal kingdom. Plants make their own food
f. Define cold-blooded -
Body temperature changes with the
environment.
g. List two cold-blooded animals.
h. Define warm-blooded -
fish, reptiles, amphibians
Body temperature does not change with
the environment.
i. List two examples of warm-blooded animals
birds and mammals
j. Give the characteristics of the following classes of animals and give
two examples for each class
Reptiles
dry, scaly skin
lay eggs on land
lizards, snakes, turtles
fish
scales and gills
perch, trout, salmon,
catfish, bass
Mammals
Birds
feathers, hollow
bones
robin, owl, eagle
Hair or fur
give birth to live
young
Humans, dogs, cats,
Lions, whales, bats
amphibians
slimy skin, spend part
of life in water and part on land
newts, frogs, salamanders
k. Write the scientific name for humans.
Homo sapiens
3. Cells, Cell Processes and Organization of Multicellular Organisms
Define the following terms:
a. Cell The smallest part of a living thing.
brain (nerve) cell
b. Tissue A group of similar cells that work together.
c. Organ A group of tissues that work together.
d. Organ System Organs that work together.
e. Organism Organ systems that
work together.
brain
(nervous)
tissue
brain
nervous system
What are the functions of the following cell parts:
f. Nucleus Control center of the cell.
g. Chromosome Located in the nucleus, contains genes
that control traits.
Made of DNA.
Molecule that is shaped like a double helix.
It contains the genetic
code. Located in the nucleus.
h. cell membrane
i. cell wall
j. vacuoles
Surrounds outside of the cell –
allows materials to pass
in and out of the cell.
Located outside the cell membrane in a plant cellsupports and protects the plant cell.
stores food, water and wastes
k. Mitochondria
l. Chloroplast
“powerhouse of the cell” produces energy
during cellular respiration
Found in plant cells. Site of photosynthesis
m. Endoplasmic Reticulum
Tube like passageways
that transport proteins.
n. List 3 differences between plant and animal cells.
Plant cells have cell walls, chloroplasts and large vacuoles.
cell wall
vacuole
chloroplast
Know the definition of the following cell processes:
o. Diffusion Movement of materials from areas of high
concentration to areas of low concentration.
p. Osmosis
Diffusion of water.
q. PlasmolysisLoss of water by a cell causing the
cell to shrink.
r. Give two examples of osmosis.
gummi bear in
fresh water
Plants wilt when placed in salt water
because water diffuses out of cell
by osmosis.
s. Give one example that would result in plasmolysis.
gummi bear in salt water
t. Give examples of diffusion.
Iodine diffuses into dialysis tubing
u. Explain the relationship of a cell membrane pore to the size of a molecule
that is able to enter the cell.
The molecule must be small enough to fit through.
4. Cell Division
a. Define meiosis-
Cell division that results in ½ the number of chromosomes.
2 chromosomes
1 chromosome
b. Meiosis produces sex cells with 1/2 the number of chromosomes of a
body cell.
In humans, meiosis results in sex cells with how many chromosomes? 23
c. Define mitosis? Cell division which results in a cell with the same number
of chromosomes as the original cell.
2 chromosomes
2 chromosomes
2 chromosomes
d. Mitosis results in body cells with the same number of chromosomes
as the original cell.
In human body cells, mitosis results in body
cells with how many chromosomes? 46
5. Characteristics of Life
a. List the characteristics of living things.
metabolism (ingestion,
digestion,
movement
growth and development
reproduction
respiration,
excretion)
made of cells
respond to a stimulus
b. List the needs of living things.
Energy (food), oxygen or CO2,
water, proper temperature
c. Organisms combine O2 with sugar to get energy.
(respiration)
d. Which life process helps organisms to maintain their existence?
reproduction
e. What is the ultimate source of energy for all living things? Sun
f. Define metabolism-
All the chemical activities that occur in an organism.
g. What influences metabolism? diet
exercise
hormones
6. Bacteria and Viruses
a. List the 3 shapes of bacteria.
round (cocci)
rod (bacilli)
spiral (spirilla)
b. What conditions do bacteria favor? warm temperatures, high moisture, food
Cell walls have
c. Why are some bacteria becoming resistant to antibiotics?
mutated, changed
chemically so drug
does not work.
d. What is needed for bacteria to reproduce? proper temperature, moisture,
food source
**** does NOT need a living cell to reproduce
e. What is needed for viruses to reproduce?
a host – a living cell
f. Explain ways that bacteria are helpful and harmful. used in food (helpful)
cause disease (harmful)
g. Are antibiotics used to kill bacteria or viruses? bacteria
7. Reproduction
a. Explain the difference between asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction.
Asexual One parent, identical to parent.
Sexual
Two parents, not identical to parent.
Causes a variety of traits within a species.
Offspring receive half of the genes from mom
and half of the genes from dad.
b. What is fertilization?
egg + sperm
8. Plants
a. Explain the process of photosynthesis.
CO2 + H2O
chlorophyll
O2 + food (glucose)
sunlight
In the presence of chlorophyll and sunlight, plants take in
carbon dioxide from the air and water from the ground. They
produce oxygen (released into the air) and food (glucose)
for themselves.
b. What is a tropism?
Response of a plant to a stimuli.
c. What is a phototropism? Response of a plant to light.
d. What plant parts exhibit positive or negative phototropism?
stems show positive
they bend toward light
roots show negative
they go away from light
e. What is geotropism?
response of a plant to gravity
f. What plant parts exhibit positive or negative geotropism?
Stems – negative geotropism
grow upward
Roots – positive geotropism
grow downward
9. Human Biology Part 1
a. What is the main function of the skeletal system? Support, protection and
movement.
b. What are ligaments? Tissue that attaches bone to bone.
c. What are tendons?
Tissue that attaches bone to muscle.
d. What are joints?
Where 2 or more bones meet.
e. What is cartilage?
Tissue that cushions.
f. Where is cartilage located? ears, nose, between vertebrae and at joints
Fixed joint
Know the location and
scientific names of the
skeletal bones studied
in class.
cranium
Ball and socket joint
Hinge joint
Ball and socket joint
Gliding joint
Hinge joint
Gliding joint
g. What is the function of the muscular system?
Movement and flexibility.
h. What is skeletal muscle? Connected to bones by tendons.
Work in pairs: when one contracts the other
relaxes.
Moves the body.
i. What is smooth muscle? Located in the digestive
and respiratory system.
j. What is cardiac muscle? Located in the heart.
k. Define involuntary muscle l. Examples digestive, respiratory
m. Define voluntary muscle
n. Examples arms, legs, neck
Muscles that are not under your
control.
Muscles that are under your control.
o. What is the function of the Circulatory System? Transports materials, oxygen
to the cells and carbon dioxide
from the cells.
p. How many chambers in the human heart? 4
q. What are veins? Vessels that carry blood to
the heart.
r. What are arteries?
Vessels that carry blood away
from the heart.
s. What are capillaries? Very thin (one cell thick) walled vessels that
connect arteries to veins.
t. Where are blood cells made? In bone marrow.
u. What is the substance in red blood cells that
carries oxygen? Hemoglobin
v. What do white blood cells do? Fight Infection.
w. What do platelets do?
x. What is a pulse?
Involved in clotting of blood.
Measure of the heartbeat.
10. Human Biology Part 2
Know the following parts of the heart and their functions:
a. Aorta
Largest artery carries blood away from the heart.
b. Pulmonary artery Takes blood from the heart to the lungs.
c. Right ventricle Pumps blood to the lungs.
d. Left ventricle Pumps blood to the body.
e. Inferior vena cava Takes blood from the
lower body to the heart.
f. Superior vena cava Takes blood from the
upper body to the heart.
g. Pulmonary vein Takes blood from the lungs
to the heart.
Lung
The general
pathway
of blood is heart
to lungs to heart
to body.
Lung
h. What is the function of the nervous
system?
Sends and receives messages.
Coordinates other body systems.
i. What is the main job of the brain? Sends and receives
messages.
What do the following parts of the brain control?
j. cerebellum Controls movement
and balance.
k. cerebrum Thinking, reasoning,
hearing, seeing.
Largest part of brain.
medulla
l. medulla
Controls heartbeat,
breathing, and
blood pressure.
m. What do spinal nerves do? Takes impulses to and from the
spinal cord to the body and
spinal cord.
n. What is the job of the spinal cord? Transfer impulses
to and from brain.
Know the following about a reflex act. Be able to recognize on a diagram.
o. What is a stimulus? Change in environment.
p. What does the sensory neuron do? Picks up
stimulus
q. What does the interneuron do? Transfers impulse
from sensory
to motor neuron.
r. Where is it located? Spinal cord
sensory
s. What does the motor neuron do? Causes response.
t. What is a response? An action (what occurs).
interneuron
motor
stimulus
response
u. What is digestion?
Breaking down of food into nutrients.
v. What are the organs of the digestion system?
Be able to label these on the diagram.
Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine
Trace the path of food through the digestive system.
What do the following organs of the digestive system
do?
w. Stomach Mechanical churns food
chemical digestion= gastric juices
and pepsin.
x. Large Intestine (colon) Removes water
from waste.
y. Small intestine
z. Liver
Where most digestion
takes place.
Produces bile
aa. Why would someone get diarrhea?
Large intestine does not absorb water
11. Genetics
a. What is a phenotype? Physical appearance
b. What is a genotype? Gene makeup of an organism. Letters- Bb
c. What sex chromosomes does a male have? XY
d. What sex chromosomes does a female have? XX
B
b
b
Punnett
Square
B
b
B=black b=brown
Dominant=B
B
Recessive=b
Hybrid=Bb
BB
Bb
b
Bb
bb
B
Bb
Bb
Bb
Bb
Phenotype of offspring= All black
Genotype of offspring= 4 Bb
Ratio 3:1
Black : brown
Probability of getting:
Black= ¾ = 75%
Brown= ¼ = 25%
12. Ecology
Know the following definitions:
a. Producer: Organism that can make its own food.
b. Consumer: Feeds on other organisms
c. Herbivore: Eats plants
d. Carnivore: Eats meat
e. Omnivore: Eats plants and animals
f. Decomposer: Feeds on dead matter
and breaks it down
g. Energy Pyramid:
Be able to analyze a
Food web
Shows the flow of
energy through a food
chain or web. Energy
decreases as you go
up.
13. The Microscope
List the functions for the following microscope parts:
a. ocular (eyepiece) what you look through and magnifies 10X
b. coarse adjustment knob
c. fine adjustment knob
d. clips
focuses scanning and low power
focuses high power
holds slide in place
e. diaphragm
regulates amount of light
f. stage where you place the slide
Be able to label a microscope diagram
g. How do you calculate the total magnification of a microscope?
multiply the ocular power by the lens power
14. Skills with Scientific Equipment
Be able to read a metric balance, a metric ruler, graduated cylinders and a
Thermometer.
a. If you are given a gummy bear, a paper towel, and a balance,
how would you find the mass of the gummy bear?
Mass the paper towel, mass the paper towel and the gummi
then subtract the mass of the paper towel
b. pH
Acids -
1-6
Bases - 8-14
Neutral -
7
15. Genetics Problems
A. Punnett Square
In guinea pigs black fur (B) is dominant over white fur (b).
1. Fill in the blanks in the Punnett square below to determine a cross between
a female hybrid (heterozygous) black guinea pig and male pure white
guinea pig.
B
b
b
b
Phenotype: Black
Phenotype: White
Genotype : Bb
Genotype: bb
Phenotype: Black
Phenotype: White
Genotype: Bb
Genotype: bb
2. If 4 offspring are produced from this cross, what is the ratio of black
to white in the off spring? 2:2
3. Are the black offspring hybrid (heterozygous) or pure (homozygous)?
Hybrid (heterozygous)
4. What is the % chance of getting white offspring in this cross? 50%
P is the allele for widow’s peak and p is the allele for straight line hair.
Males are square and females are round. White are dominant and shaded are recessive
1. How many generations are shown?
3
2. How many children did the parents in the first generation have? 5
3. What is the genotype for parent 1 in the first generation? pp
4. What numbers are hybrid (heterozygous)? I – 2 , II – 2,3,6,7 III – 2,7,9
5. List the generation and the numbers that have straight hair. I – 1, II – 1,5,8, III – 1,6,8
6. What numbers may have the genotype PP?
7. How many females have the recessive trait? 4
8. How many males have the dominant trait? 5
II – 4, III 3,4,5
16. Label Cells
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Cell Membrane
Cell Wall
Vacuole
Mitochondrion
Chloroplast
ER
Cell Membrane
Vacuole
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
ER
Mitochondrion
16. Label Cells
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Cell Membrane
Cell Wall
Vacuole
Mitochondrion
Chloroplast
ER
Cell Wall
Cytoplasm
Cell Membrane
Vacuole
Nucleus
ER
Chloroplast
Mitochondrion
Label the parts of the microscope: Ocular, Body Tube, Coarse Adjustment
Knob, Fine Adjustment Knob, Arm, Base, Light, Stage, Clips, Revolving
Nosepiece, Low Power Lens, and High Power Lens.
Ocular
Coarse Adjustment Knob
Fine Adjustment Knob
Body Tube
Revolving Nosepiece
Arm
Low Power Lens
Clips
High Power Lens
Stage
Diaphragm
Base
Light
16. Label Heart:
Aorta
Inferior Vena Cava
Pulmonary Artery
Left Ventricle
Right Ventricle
Left Atrium
Right Atrium
Aorta
Pulmonary Artery
Right Atrium
Left Atrium
Left Ventricle
Right Ventricle
Inferior Vena Cava
16. Label Brain:
Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Medulla
Spinal Cord
Cerebrum
Medulla
Spinal Cord
Cerebellum
16. Label Digestive:
Esophagus
Stomach
Liver
Small Intestine
Large Intestine
Anus
Pancreas
Esophagus
12
Stomach
Pancreas
Liver
Large Intestine
Anus
Small Intestine
21. What kind of reproduction
is this?
Asexual
22. Reflex Diagram
a. What kind of neurons are
found in the skin?
sensory
b. What kind of neurons are
found in the muscles?
motor
c. Where are the interneurons
located?
Spinal cord
Earth Science Review
Water Cycle
Condensation
Precipitation
Transpiration
Evaporation
Runoff
Accumulation
Label the process in each box from the following word bank:
Runoff
Evaporation
Accumulation
Transpiration
Condensation
Precipitation