TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.
Subjunctive with Adjective Clause
2.
Tú Commands
3.
Nosotros Commands
4.
Past Participles Used As Adjectives
5.
Present Perfect
6.
Past Perfect
7.
Future Tense
8.
Conditional Tense
9.
Past Subjunctive
SUBJUNCTIVE WITH ADJECTIVE CLAUSE
•
Adjective clauses modify nouns or pronouns. The subjunctive can be used in
adjective clauses to indicate that the existence of someone or something is
uncertain or indefinite.
•
The subjunctive is used in an adjective clause that refers to a person, place,
thing, or idea that either does not exist or whose existence is uncertain or
indefinite.
- ¿Conoces un buen restaurante que esté cerca de mi casa?
•
The indicative is used when the adjective clause refers to a person, place, thing,
or idea that is clearly known, certain, or definite
- Hay una casa que es muy grande y cómoda.
TÚ COMMANDS
Affirmative Tú Commands
• Put in tú form and remove the –
s
- Hablar → Hablas → ¡Habla!
• Irregular Commands
- Di, Haz, Ve, Pon, Sal, Se, Ten
Ven
•
Pronouns attach to the end of
irregular affirmative commands
- Levántate!
• Accents are added on:
- Third from last: one pronoun
- Fourth from last: two pronouns
Negative Tú Commands
• Put in YO form, drop the –o,
switch the vowel, and add an s
- Hablar → Hablo → ¡No Hables!
• Irregular Commands
- Pronouns go before the verb
Tengas
Vengas
Digas/Des
Vayas
Sepas
Hayas/Hagas
Estes
Seas
NOSOTROS COMMANDS
•
When using nosotros commands, you simply replace the vowel of the indicative word - EX:
Hablar  Hablemos
•
However, when you are conjugating a reflexive verb into a nosotros command, it becomes a
“mono” verb
- EX: Levantarse  Levantémonos rather than Levantémosnos
•
Stem changers do NOT change because they are in nosotros form, except for dormir
•
Affirmative nosotros commands add pronouns to the end of the word and accents are places
on the vowel that is changed
- EX: Ducharse  Duchémonos  Duchémonoslo
•
Negative nosotros commands place pronouns before the comand
- EX: No ducharse  No nos duchemos
•
Irse is an irregular verb and goes to vamonos in the affirmative and no nos vayamos in the
negative
PAST PARTICIPLES USE AS ADJECTIVES
•
The past participles of English verbs often end in –ed – To turn 
turned
•
In Spanish, regular –ar verbs form the past participle –ado and
regular –er and –ir verbs form the past particple with –ido
- EX: Enojar  Enojado
- EX: Conducir  Conducido
•
The past participles of –er and –ir verbs that stems end in –a, -e,
or –o carry a written accent mark on the –i of –ido
- EX: Caer  Caído
- EX: Leer  Leído
Irregular Past
Participles
Abrir  Abierto
Cubrir  Cubierto
Decir  Dicho
Hacer  Hecho
Escribir  Escrito
Describir  Descrito
Morir  Muerto
Poner  Puesto
Resolver  Resuelto
Romper  Roto
Ver  Visto
Volver  Vuelto
PRESENT PERFECT
• Present perfect tense is used to describe the
recent past
• In English, it refers to something you have done
• When forming present perfect, you use the
auxillary verb haber to help the infinitive verb
• The infinitve verb is replace with the past
participle as an adjective
- EX: I have driven to Monte Carlo  He
manejado a Monte Carlo
• The auxiliary verb and the past participle are
married and NOTHING goes in between the
verbs
• Pronouns and other words go before haber
Haber
Conjugation
Yo - He Nosotro
sTú - Has Hemos
Ellos Él - Ha
Han
PAST PERFECT
• Past perfect refers to something
you had done in the past
• It is formed the same way as
Haber Conjugation
present perfect but one exception
• The haber auxiliary verb is
Nosotros Yo
–
Había
conjugated into the imperfect
Habíamos
tense
Tú – Habías
- EX: Pensé que ya se habían ido
Ellos • The past perfect is often used with Él - Había
Habían
the word ya (already)
- EX: Ella ya había empezado
cuando llamaron
FUTURE TENSE
•
•
The future tense is often
associated with plans, predictions,
or events that are less certain
Infinitive + ending = future
-- Ex. To say I will eat in the
morning, you would say Comeré
en la mañana.
Irregular Future Tense
Infinitive
Future Stem
Decir
Dir-
Hacer
Har-
Poner
Pondr-
•
The future of hay is habrá
Salir
Saldr-
•
Endings used for all verbs
including –ar, -er, and –ir
Tener
Tendr-
Valer
Vald-
Venir
Vendr-
Poder
Podr-
Querer
Querr-
Saber
Sabr-
Ends
Add
-é
-ás
-á
emos
-án
CONDITIONAL TENSE
•
•
•
•
•
The conditional tense expresses
what you would do or what would
happen under certain
circumstances
The conditional endings are the
same for all –ar, -er, and –ir
verbs
Conditionals are formed by
combining the infinitive form of
the verb with the correct ending
Conditionals have the same
irregulars as future tenses
EX: Nadaría más ríos.
Conditional Endings
-ía
-íamos
-ías
-ía
-ían
PAST SUBJUNCTIVE
•
Also called the imperfect subjunctive
•
For all verbs, the past subjunctive is
formed with the ellos/ellas form of the
preterite
•
Drop the –ron ending and add on the
specific past subjunctive ending
•
Irregular preterite tenses like snake
and snakey verbs keep their
irregularity with past subjunctive
Hablar
Leer
Dormir
Hablaron
Leyeron
Durmieron
Past Subjunctive
-ra
-ramos
-ras
-ran
-ra
*Quisiera is often used
to make polite requests
HablaLeyeDurmie-
Hablara
Leyera
Durmiera