Name
the
organelle
and
give
its
Endoplasmic
Nucleus:
Golgi
Ribosome:
Aparatus:
control
site
Reticulum:
where
modifies,
body
proteins
of aids
the
sorts,
cell;
in
are
processing
and
contains
made
packages
the
carbohydrates,
genetic
materials
material
from the
lipids
(DNA)
ERand
for storage
proteinsinfor
the
export
cell or
function.
from the cell
secretion
outside the cell
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Nucleus
Golgi Body
Animal
Ribosome
Plant
What is located in the nucleus?
What type of organic compound is DNA?
What is the monomer of DNA?
What does the DNA of all these
organisms have in common?
They all share a universal
genetic code.
The
History of Heredity
Why am I so
gorgeous?
Gregor Mendel
determined that
traits were
passed from
generation to
generation.
But, I haven’t
figured out
how this
happens
Gregor Mendel
What was this substance called?
DNA
Rosalind Franklin &
Maurice Wilkins
Franklin and
Wilkins used
x-ray to
discover that
DNA was a
double helix.
Watson and Crick
Watson & Crick won a Nobel Prize for
discovering the structural model of
DNA.
They credited Wilkins
and Franklin.
Wilkins also got a
Nobel Prize but
Franklin did not.
Rosalind had passed
away and the Nobels
are not awarded
posthumously.
Erwin Chargaff
Chargoff discovered that DNA
contains the same amount of
adenosine as thymine and the same
amount of cytosine as guanine.
AA
A
TT
T
CC
CC
GG
GG
DNA is a Nucleic Acid
What is a nucleic acid?
Nucleic acids are one of the major
organic compounds.
Nucleic acids contain
C, H, N, O, P
Are made up of
nucleotide monomers
Double helix shape
Store genetic
information
Help make proteins
Examples: DNA &
RNA
sugar
phosphate
nitrogen
base
A NUCLEOTIDE
1. Phosphate Group
3. 5-Carbon
2.
Nitrogen Base
Sugar
2. 5-Carbon Sugar
1. Phosphate Group
(Dexoyribose or Ribose)
(Dexoyribose or Ribose)
3.
1.
3. Nitrogen Base
2.
O
O
P
O
3.
1.
2.
O
C H2
C H3
C
O
CH
HC
C H CH
HO H O
Nucleotides, too
O
C
CH
N
N
C
O
H
Nucleotides
There are four nitrogen bases making
up four different nucleotides.
Purines
Adenine
A
Guanine
G
N base
Pyrimidines
Thymine T
Cytosine C
Chargaff’s Base Pair Rules
Adenine always bonds with thymine. A = T
A
T
The lines between the bases represent hydrogen bonds
G
C
Guanine always bonds with Cytosine. G  C
Pairing DNA Nucleotides
What would
is the
a nucleotide?
base
be the
pairing
complementary
rule?
nucleotide pairing?
Nucleotide
P
S
N-b
C
G
Rule
A
A to T
A
C to G
T
G
DNA DOUBLE HELIX
5’End
3’End
ladder
shaped
molecule
3’End
5’End
Purpose of DNA
Why do we have DNA?
For what does it code?
What actually makes you
look the way you do?
Remember that the
monomer for proteins
is amino acids!
DNA Codes for
Amino Acids
The nitrogen bases in
DNA code for amino
acids.
A triplet of nitrogen
bases codes for one
amino acid.
The triplet is called a
codon.
What is RNA?
DNA must have a
“helper” molecule.
RNA stands for
RiboNucleic Acid
RNA is a single
stranded nucleic acid
made up of monomers
called nucleotides
sugar
phosphate
nitrogen
base
RNA Nucleotides
A - Sugar (ribose)
B - Phosphate
C - Nitrogen base
sugar
nitrogen
base
phosphate
B
Name the parts of the nucleotide.
A
C
Rules for Base Pairing
Cytosine pairs with Guanine
C = G
Adenine pairs with Uracil
A = U
Notice that RNA has Uracil
(not thymine)
Rules for Base Pairing
3’ DNA strand
C=G
C
G
A
U
G
C
T
A
A=U
RNA strand
5’ DNA strand
What is the function of RNA?
Carries DNA’s message code
Helps make protein
Types of RNA
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
RNA
Identify the parts of the RNA strand.
Nitrogen Base
Sugar
(ribose)
Phosphate Group
Comparing DNA & RNA
DNA RNA
Sugar is deoxyribose
√
Sugar is ribose
√
Adenine base is present
√
√
Cytosine base is present
√
√
Comparing DNA & RNA
DNA
Guanine base is present
√
Thymine base is present
√
Uracil base is present
Shape is double helix
RNA
√
√
√
Comparing DNA & RNA
DNA RNA
Shape is single stranded
Located in nucleus
√
√
√
Located in cytoplasm
Stores genetic information
√
√
Comparing DNA & RNA
DNA RNA
Functions in protein synthesis √
√
Composed of nucleotides
√
√
Template for synthesis of
proteins
Transcribes the Template
√
More than one type
√
√