ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
Chapter 2 Section 3
Organic Compounds


made of carbon atoms (with hydrogen and oxygen)
most molecules with carbon are organic


exception: carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide
Carbon has 4 valence electrons so readily forms 4
covalent bonds
Organic Compounds
CARBOHYDRATES
COMPOSED OF :
C, H, O
in ratio of: 1:2:1


Functions:

*Energy Source


Energy storage



Simple carbohydrates
Complex carbohydrates
Structural materials
Cell surface markers
Carbohydrates exist as:

SIMPLE

MONOSACCHARIDES




GLUCOSE
FRUCTOSE
GALACTOSE
DISACCHARIDES

SUCROSE


MALTOSE


glucose & fructose
glucose & glucose
LACTOSE

glucose & galactose

COMPLEX

POLYSACCHARIDES


Made of 3 or more
monosaccharides
ANIMALS: GLYCOGEN


LIVER
PLANTS: STARCH

CELLULOSE (wood)
GLUCOSE
GLYCOGEN
CELLULOSE
PROTEINS

are large organic molecules (polymers) composed
mainly of :


C, H, O, N (a little S)
Building blocks (m0n0mers) are AMINO ACIDS

ALL SHARE SAME BASIC STRUCTURE
Amino Acids

Side Groups:


Provide different shape
Polar or Nonpolar
Functions of Proteins

Structural Proteins


Transport Proteins



Carry molecules through blood that otherwise would not
be soluble in blood
Carry ions or molecules across membranes
Enzymes



Hair, nails, hooves
Catalyze all chemical reactions in body
Specific to a single chemical reaction
Muscles

actin, myosin in all 3 muscle types
Peptide Bonds

Form when 2 amino
acids join in a synthesis
reaction (condensation)
Types of Proteins


Dipeptides
A + B  AB

Polypeptides


Long chains of amino
acids
In large proteins 2 to 4
polypeptide chains fold
together

Interact through hydrogen
bonds or disulfide bridges
Protein Shape


Determines function
Influenced by:



Temperature
pH
Solvent
Lipids



CHO
NOT a polymer
long chains of carbon – carbon bonds with hydrogen;
oxygen at end of molecule called fatty acids

hydrophobic
LIPIDS


are large, nonpolar organic molecules
include:






Triglycerides
Cholesterol
Phospholipids
Steroids
Waxes
Pigments
Functions of Lipids
NRG storage
 insulation
 waterproofing
 protection
 hormones
 cell membranes

Fatty Acids

Unbranched carbon
chains that make up
most lipids


one end has a carboxyl
group so is hydrophilic
other end is hydrocarbon
so is hydrophobic

Saturated Fatty Acids


each C has only single
covalent bonds
Unsaturated Fatty Acids

some C atoms have
double covalent bonds
which put kinks in the
chain
Fatty Acids
Triglycerides



composed of 3
molecules of fatty acid
joined to 1 molecule of
glycerol
high melting points
(solids at room
temperature)
butter, fat in red meat
Phospholipids



have 2 fatty acid chains
attached to a molecule of
glycerol
plus a phosphate group
attached to the 3rd carbon
in glycerol
makes up most of cell
membrane in a lipid
bilayer

are nonpolar so keeps
most polar substances
from crossing
membrane
Waxes



are a structural lipid
made of long fatty acid
chain with a long
alcohol chain
are waterproof so act as
protective layer in plants
& animals
Steroids


composed of 4 fused
carbon rings with
various functional
groups attached
includes many hormones




Testosterone
Estrogen
Progesterone
Adrenal hormones
NUCLEIC ACIDS

very large, complex organic molecules (polymer)



function:


subunit: nucleotides (monomers)
CHONP
store & transfer genetic information
examples:

DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid



genetic code
essential for making proteins
RNA: ribonucleic acid

protein synthesis
Nucleotides
3 parts:
1. 5 carbon sugar



2.
3.
RNA: ribose
DNA: deoxyribose
Phosphate group (- charge)
Nitrogenous base
NUCLEIC ACIDS

DNA

RNA
ATP




adenosine
triphosphate
NRG molecule of
cells
3 phosphate
groups added to
adenosine (a
nitrogenous base)
bond between 2nd
& 3rd high NRG