Who suggested that traits passed through pangenes (alterations made to self passed to offspring)?

Hippocrates

Which blood type is considered the universal donor because it does not have any antigens?

Type O

What 3 things make up a nucleotide?

Sugar, Phosphate, Nitrogenous Base

What type of mutation occurs when one nitrogenous base is changed which affects only one amino acid?

Point mutation

Give an example of a disorder caused by a mutation.

Sickle-cell anemia, colorblindness, hemophilia

Who confirmed that DNA was the hereditary molecule being transferred through generations?

Oswald Avery

If you perform a dihybrid cross and both parents are heterozygous for both traits, what is the expected phenotypic ratio?

9 : 3 : 3 : 1

What do we call the genetic makeup of an organism?

Genotype

What do we call a mistake made during meiosis that results in having too many of a chromosome?

Trisomy

Give an example of a gamete
(germ cell).

Sperm or egg (ovum)

During meiosis I, what is being separated?

Homologous chromosomes

What type of mutation occurs when a nitrogenous base is added or deleted which affects the whole amino acid sequence?

Frameshift mutations

Back in the day, they thought that
________ were the hereditary material, not DNA.

Proteins

What has allowed use to know what genes sit on each chromosome in the human body?

Human Genome Project

When performing a testcross, what genotype is used?

Homozygous recessive

How many chromosomes are found in a gamete?

23

What pattern of inheritance is this?

Sex-linked

Who is considered the “father” of modern genetics?

Gregor Mendel

What is the likelihood that a certain event will occur?

Probability

Over time, beneficial mutations should become ______ in the gene pool.
 common

Type AB blood is an example of what type of inheritance pattern?

Codominance

Who determined the composition of DNA  A=T and C=G?

Erwin Chargaff

During meiosis II, what is being separated?

Sister chromatids

All DNA “fingerprints” are stored in an online system known as…?

CODIS

Spermatogenesis creates how many new sperm cells?

4

When looking at potential outcomes of two traits, you would have to perform a _______ cross.

Dihybrid

Who used x-ray diffraction to determine that DNA was a double helix shape?

Rosalind Franklin

What do we call a mutation that occurs in typical body cells and therefore does not get passed on to the next generation?

Somatic mutation

This protein cuts DNA into smaller fragments resulting in a DNA fingerprint.

Restriction enzyme

What process occurs during
Prophase I that ensures genetic diversity?

Crossing over

Oogenesis creates how many ovum (eggs)?

1

On a pedigree, circles represent
________.

Females

What do we call the first cell of life
(when a sperm joins an egg)?

Zygote

What process has allowed us to make human insulin in bacterial cells?

Cloning

Who was credited with the discovery of DNA’s structure and won a Nobel Prize for it?

James Watson and Francis Crick

DNA is __________ charged.

Negatively

What do we call a person who has the recessive gene but does not express it?

Carrier

These help up to track certain traits in our family trees.

Pedigrees

What type of mutation occurs when a portion of a chromosome is lost and the information is lost with it?

Deletion

In gel electrophoresis, ______ fragments of DNA travel further.
 smaller

If we needed to produce more
DNA for forensic testing, what procedure would we use?

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

If you have two of the same allele, your genotype is __________.
 homozygous

Having an extra 21 st chromosome results in what disorder?

Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21)

Each person has different forms of genes called ______.

Alleles

What do we call a change in a
DNA or RNA sequence?

Mutation

What sugar is found in DNA?

Deoxyribose

Which blood type is the universal acceptor because it doesn’t have any antibodies?

Type AB

What do we call the useful portion of a chromosome that codes for proteins?

Gene

What do we call a mutation that occurs in sex cells and therefore gets passed on to the next generation?

Germline mutation

When two alleles are inherited, the one that is expressed is considered the __________ trait.
 dominant

What type of bond holds nitrogenous bases together in
DNA?

Hydrogen

What base is found in RNA but not in DNA?

Uracil

Inheriting only one X sex chromosome would result in what disorder?

Turner’s syndrome

This law states that a pair of alleles is separated during the formation of gametes so that each gamete formed is not identical.

Law of Segregation

What type of mutation occurs when a portion of a chromosome is added but it attaches in the reverse direction?

Inversion

What type of bond holds sugar and phosphate together in DNA?

Covalent

How many chromosomes are in a somatic cell?

46

Give an example of a mutagen.

UV light, tobacco, asbestos
(any carcinogen – certain chemicals)

What is the shape of DNA?

Double helix

What does the acronym DNA stand for?

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

What do we call a picture of chromosomes that can be used to discover abnormalities?

Karyotype

Inheriting an XXY for sex chromosomes means you would have what disorder?

Kleinfelter’s syndrome

Name two ways that crops could be improved using biotechnologies such as gene splicing.

Improving yield, reducing vulnerability, increasing nutritional qualities, improving taste, reducing dependence on pesticides

What type of plant did Mendel use for his genetic studies?

Pea Plant

When pollen from one plant is placed onto the stigma of a different plant, this is known as…?

Cross pollination

This law states that the inheritance of one trait will not affect the inheritance of the other, meaning you will not get all your traits from one parent.

Law of Independent Assortment

What do you call the physical traits of an organism?

Phenotype

If you have two different alleles for a trait, you have a ________ genotype.
 heterozygous

When a red flower and a white flower are crossed and all the offspring end up pink, this is an example of what pattern of inheritance?

Incomplete dominance

Sex-linked traits appear most often in _________.

Males

Give an example of a sex-linked trait.

Colorblindness, Baldness, Hemophilia

What are the 4 possible blood types?

A, B, AB, and O

On a pedigree, squares represent
_______.

Males

The end result of meiosis is 4 _____ cells.
 haploid

Sister chromatids separate during which phase of meiosis?

Anaphase II

What are 3 things that DNA could be obtained from?

Blood, hair, saliva, skin