Second Semester Final Exam Study Guide:
Students will be expected to…
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Identify the manipulated variable, responding variable, and controlled variables of an experiment.
Interpret data
Identify limitations of scientific experiments, scientific models
Relate the size of a cell to diffusion, DNA load, volume, surface, movement of food…
Understand parts of the cell cycle (what happens during interphase, M phase; relative lengths of each
phase, etc…)
6. Identify parts of a chromosome (DNA, histones, centromere, sister chromatids, chromatin, genes/alleles)
7. Compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis
8. Explain how the cell cycle is regulated (contact inhibition, cyclins, cancer, etc…)
9. Explain what stem cells are and what they can become
10. Construct and complete a Punnett square for single trait (monohybrid) crosses.
11. Construct and complete a Punnett square for double trait (dihybrid) crosses.
12. Determine predicted genotypic and phenotypic ratios from monohybrid and dihybrid crosses.
13. Distinguish probability from possibility
14. Describe how genetic variation of offspring is increased during meiosis.
15. List possible gametes from a parent (given their genotype)
16. Distinguish the following modes of inheritance: complete dominance, codominance and incomplete
dominance. Identify traits as being polygenic or caused by multiple alleles.
17. Determine genotypes given phenotypes (and vice versa).
18. Identify the structure and components of DNA (nucleotides, deoxyribose, etc…)
19. Identify the structure, components and types of RNA (nucleotides, ribose, etc…)
20. Describe the process of DNA replication
21. Describe the process of Transcription
22. Describe the process of Translation
23. Identify different types of mutations (chromosomal and genes)
24. Transcribe and translate a DNA sequence or mRNA sequence (translation table provided)
25. Compare/contrast DNA replication with transcription
26. Explain gene regulation and how it relates to cell specialization
27. Explain how hox genes affect animal development
28. Explain karyotypes (normal chromosome numbers, autosomes vs. sex chromosomes)
29. Explain gender determination, sex-linked traits and gametes (sex cells)
30. Interpret pedigrees (how to read them, determine genotypes such as heterozygous or homozygous,
identify the number of generations shown, etc…)
31. Explain the connection between meiosis and karyotypes of offspring, gamete production (and what can
go wrong following nondisjunction)
32. Distinguish artificial selection from natural selection
33. Relate fitness and adaptations
34. Identify the conditions necessary for natural selection to occur (tenets of natural selection)
35. Identify types of selection (directional, stabilizing, etc…) and isolation (geographical, behavioral,
etc…)
36. Describe evidence of evolution using jigsaw information (fossil evidence, amino acid sequence
comparisons, homologous/vestigial structures, physical anthropology…)
37. Interpret a cladogram with respect to common ancestry (and label nodes with traits, as in the chordate
cladogram).
Important vocabulary:
Adaptation
Adenine
Allele
Amino acid
Amniotic Egg
Anaphase
Anticodon
Artificial selection
Autosomal chromosomes
Base pairing
Behavioral isolation
Cancer
Cell cycle
Cell specialization
Centriole
Centromere
Chordate
Chromatin
Chromosome
Cladogram
Codominance
Codon
Colorblindness
Complementary
Contact inhibition
Continental drift
Controlled variable
Crossing over
Cyclins
Cytokinesis
Cytoplasm
Cytosine
Daughter cell
Deletion (mutation)
Deoxyribose
Differentiation
Diploid (2n)
Directional selection
Disruptive selection
DNA
DNA polymerase
DNA replication
DNA template
Dominant
Double helix
Duplication (mutation)
Ectotherm
Egg
Embryo
Endotherm
Evolution
Fitness
Fossil
Frameshift mutation
Gamete
Gene
Gene regulation
Genotype
Genotypic ratio
Geographical isolation
Guanine
Haploid (1n)
Heritable
Heterozygous
Histone
Histones
Homologous chromosomes
Homologous structure
Homozygous
Hox genes
Hydrogen bond
Incomplete dominance
Independent assortment
Insertion (mutation)
Internal regulator (cell cycle)
Interphase
Inversion (mutation)
Karyotype
Limitation
M phase
Manipulated variable
Meiosis
Meiosis I
Meiosis II
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
Metaphase
Mitosis
Multiple alleles
Mutation
Natural selection
Nitrogenous base
Nondisjunction
Nucleosome
Nucleotide
Nucleus
Offspring
Paleontologist
Parent cell
Pedigree
Phenotype
Phenotypic ratio
Phosphate
Point mutation
Polygenic
Polypeptide
Principle of probability
Probability
Promoter
Prophase
Protein
Punnett square
Recessive
Recessive
Responding variable
Ribose
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
Ribosome
RNA polymerase
Sex chromosomes
Sex-linked genes
Sister chromatid
Speciation
Species
Sperm
Stabilizing selection
Stem cell
Substitution (mutation)
Sugar-phosphate backbone
Surface area
Telophase
Temporal isolation
Thymine
Trait
Transcription
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
Translation
Translocation (mutation)
Uracil
Variation
Vestigial structure
Volume
X chromosome
Y chromosome