Ch 5: Integumentary System (SKIN)
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Consists of two distinct regions
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Epidermis—superficial region
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Dermis—underlies epidermis
Hypodermis (superficial fascia)
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Epidermis
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Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Four or five distinct layers
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Stratum basale
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Stratum spinosum
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Stratum granulosum
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Stratum lucidum (only in thick skin)
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Stratum corneum
Four cell types
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Keratinocytes
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Melanocytes
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Dendritic (langerhans) cells
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Tactile (merkel) cells
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Layers of the Epidermis:
Stratum Basale (Basal Layer)
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Layers of the Epidermis:
Stratum Spinosum (Prickly Layer)
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Layers of the Epidermis:
Stratum Granulosum (Granular Layer)
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Layers of the Epidermis:
Stratum Lucidum (Clear Layer)
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Layers of the Epidermis:
Stratum Corneum (Horny Layer)
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20–30 rows of dead, flat, anucleate keratinized membranous sacs
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Cell Differentiation in Epidermis
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Accomplished by specialized form of apoptosis
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Cells change from stratum basale to stratum corneum
Dermis
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Two layers
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Papillary
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Dermal papillae
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Reticular
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Cleavage lines because most collagen fibers parallel to skin
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Skin Markings
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Flexure lines
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Striae
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Blister
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Skin Color
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Three pigments contribute to skin color
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Melanin
Carotene
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Hemoglobin
Skin Color in Diagnosis
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Cyanosis
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Erythema (redness)
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Pallor (blanching)
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Jaundice (yellow cast)
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Bronzing
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Bruises
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Derivatives of the epidermis
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Hairs and hair follicles
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Nails
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Sweat glands
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Sebaceous (oil) glands
Hair
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Functions include :
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Hair pigments
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Hair Follicles
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Hair bulb
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Hair follicle receptor (root hair plexus)
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Hair matrix
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Arrector pili
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Hair papilla
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Types and Growth of Hair
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Vellus hair
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Terminal hair
Nutrition and hormones affect hair growth
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Nails
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Nail matrix
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Sweat Glands
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Also called sudoriferous glands
Two main types
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Eccrine (merocrine) sweat glands
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Apocrine sweat glands
Function in thermoregulation
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Apocrine Sweat Glands
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Confined to axillary and anogenital areas
Sweat + fatty substances + proteins
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Viscous; milky or yellowish
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Odorless until bacterial interaction  body odor
Modified apocrine glands
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Ceruminous glands—lining of external ear canal; secrete
cerumen (earwax)
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Mammary glands – secrete milk
Sebaceous (Oil) Glands
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Secrete sebum
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Functions of the Integumentary System
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Three types of barriers
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Chemical barriers
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Physical barriers
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Biological barriers
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Functions of the Integumentary System
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Body temperature regulation
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Functions of the Integumentary System
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Cutaneous sensations
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Metabolic functions
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Blood reservoir
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Excretion—nitrogenous wastes and salt in sweat
Skin Cancer
Three major types of skin cancer
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Basal cell carcinoma
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Squamous cell carcinoma
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Melanoma
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ABCD rules
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Burns
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Partial-thickness burns
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First degree
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Second degree
Full-thickness burns
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Third degree
Aging skin