Skeletal System
Sports Training and Physiology
Kociuba
http://kidshealth.org/PageManager.jsp?lic=1&article_set=59294&cat_id=20607
Skeletal System - Objectives
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Name the parts of the skeletal system
Describe their function
Name the major bone shapes
Name and describe the 2 patterns of bone
formation
• Describe the process of bone repair
• Discuss age related issues with the
skeletal system
Skeletal System – Objectives 2
• Define general anatomic terms for various
bone features
• List the bones in the body
• Define and explain how joints are named
and classified
• Define and demonstrate the types of
movement at the joints in the body
• Discuss age related issues with joints
Functions of the Skeletal System
• Support
– Carries weight
– Cartilage
– Ligaments
• Protection
– organs
• Movement
– Muscles attach to
bones that cause
movement
• Storage
– Minerals
– Fat
• Blood cell production
– Red bone marrow to
produce blood cells
and platelets
Bone Shapes
• Long Bones
– Longer than they are
wide
• Short Bones
– As wide as they are
long
• Flat Bones
– Relatively thin flatten
shape and are curved
• Irregular Bones
– Have shapes that
don’t fit into the other
categories
2 patterns of bone formation
• Intramembranous
Ossification
– The formation of a
bone within a
connective tissue
membrane
– EX: When babies skull
forms around the brain
• Endochondral
Ossification
– The formation of bone
within cartilage
– EX: most of the
remaining skeleton is
formed this way
Bone Repair
Bone Repair
1. Hematoma formation: clotting of the
blood vessels that were broken
2. Callus formation: a mass of tissue that
forms at a fracture site
3. Callus ossification: the tissues turn into
spongy bone
4. Bone remodeling: the tissues then turn
into compact bone and the blood vessels
are reconnected
Bones and Aging
• Bones turn brittle
• Bone mass is at it’s highest at about the
age of 30
• Men generally have denser bones than
women because of testosterone
• Menopause increases age related bone
loss
Skeleton
• Axial Skeleton
– Upright axis of the
body
– Protects the brain,
spinal cord, and the
vital organs housed
within the thorax
• Appendicular
Skeleton
– Upper and lower limbs
and the girdles that
attach them to the
axial skeleton
Human Skeleton
Joints or Articulations
A place where two or more bones
come together.
Types of Joints
• Fibrous Joints
– Two bones that are
united by fibrous
connective tissue,
have no joint cavity,
and exhibit little or no
movement
• Cartilaginous Joints
– Two bones united by
hyaline cartilage or
fibrocartilage
• Synovial Joints
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Freely movable joints
Contain synovial fluid
Have a joint cavity
Mostly found in the
appendicular skeleton
– Either uniaxial, biaxial,
or multiaxial
3 Types of Joints Found
in the Body
6 Types of Synovial Joints
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Plane Joints a.k.a.: Gliding Joints
Pivot Joints
Hinge Joints
Ball-and-Socket Joints
Ellipsoid Joints a.k.a.: Conyloid Joints
Saddle Joints
6 Synovial Joints
Types of Joint Movement
• Gliding Movement
• Angular Movement
– Flexion and Extension
– Abduction and
Adduction
• Circular Movement
– Rotation
– Pronation and
Supination
– Circumduction
• Special Movements
– Elevation and
Depression
– Protraction and
Retraction
– Excursion
– Opposition and
Reposition
– Inversion and Eversion
Aging on the Joints
• Replacement of cartilage slows
• Production of synovial fluid declines
• Arthritis
– Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)
– Osteoarthritis or Degenerative Arthritis (OA)