Lesson 2.1.1.
The Power of
Communication
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1. What is communication?
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Cell Phones
Talking
Email
Text
Morse Code
Snail Mail
Hand Signing
CB Radio
Fax
Facial Expressions
Body Jesters
Posture
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Would travel be effected?
Cell Phones work?
Email?
What about TVs or Radios
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Horses?
Trains?
Boats?
Snail Mail ?
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How does communication take place in
humans?
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What does it control?
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What happens without it?
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Partners back to back, each with 12 blocks
Partner 1 builds a structure (not a box)
Partner 1 gives instructions to partner 2 on how to
build the structure.
Give one sentence at a time , Once said it can not
be repeated.
Give 1 direction/step for each of the 12 blocks
Compare structures for accuracy
Complete C.Q. and team activity questions
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Get into groups of 4
Take about 20 minutes to discuss and answer
the questions the teams are to complete
Discuss as a group your team responses
2 . What are ways communication occurs in
machines and in the human body?
3. What are consequences of miscommunication in
the body?
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kkl
http://www.pbs.org/wnet/brain/history/index.html
The Secret Life of the Brain
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Your alarm goes off and your arm flies up to hit the
snooze button. You drag yourself out of bed and decide
what to wear and what to have for breakfast. Your
sister’s pancakes smell good so you grab a few bites
while she’s not looking and head out the door. Running
late (as usual), you sprint to catch your bus. You
struggle to keep your balance as you head to the back
of the already moving vehicle. A younger kid slams into
your side with his book bag. You are about to yell, but
you figure it’s not worth it and grab a seat. You finish
up the last of your math homework and turn on your
iPod to clear your head. You have two tests and then a
game after school. You think to yourself, “How am I
going to get through the day?”
Sulci
Gyri
Why do
they
need
bends or
folds
What
other
area in
the
body
has
bend or
folds
• Cerebrum
-Frontal lobe
-Parietal
lobe
-Occipital
lobe
-Temporal
lobe
-Cerebellum
-Brain stem
Region of the
Brain
Location
Primary Function
Cerebrum
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Lab Journal for table drawing as above
Anatomy in Clay manikin
Terra cotta, blue, green & bone color clay
Wire loop or wooden knife
Body system Organizer handout
Directional terms
Activity 2.1.2
4. How do the central nervous system and the
peripheral nervous system work together to
control the body?
5. What are the functions of the main regions
of the brain?
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Nervous System 2
major divisions
The Central Nervous
System
Peripheral Nervous
System
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Verbal Projection
Auditory Reception
Visual Reception
Touch Reception
ALL of these are NERVE Connections that
travel to and from the Brain
Plus Cranial nerves 1
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Spinal Cord is a two-way conduction path
carrying impulses to and away from the brain
through the hole in the skull known as the
foramen magnum.
The Brain is divided into four major regions:
cerebral hemisphere, diencephalon, brain
stem, and cerebellum
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Peripheral Nerves are all nerves that are not
part of the brain or spinal cord
Example: fingertip nerves for pain and
temperature
Cranial nerves 2-12 originate in the CNS.
However the cranial nerve axons extend
beyond the brain and are therefore
considered part of PNS
Spinal nerves branch from the spinal cord
and the autonomous nervous system
(divided into the sympathetic and
parasympathetic nervous system).
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There are 12 pairs of
cranial nerves.
Olfactory I
Optic II
Oculomotor III
Trochlear IV
Trigeminal V
Abducens VI
Facial VII
Auditory
(vestibulocochlear) VIII
Glossopharyngeal IX
Vagus X
Spinal Accessory XI
Hypoglossal XII
 Nervous
system communicates with the organs and
tissues by way of electrical signals
Afferent Pathway takes
information TO the Brain-known as Sensory Nerves
Efferent Pathway takes
information AWAY from
the brain--Efferent
Pathway known as Motor
Nerves
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neuron – Only responsibility is
sending and receiving nerve impulses
or signals.
Glial cells, the forgotten brain cell-are
non-neuronal cells - provide support
and nutrition, maintain homeostasis,
form myelin, and facilitate signal
transmission in the nervous system
Myelin is a electrically insulating material
that forms a layer, the myelin sheath,
usually around only the axon of a
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A. Gathers information both from the outside world
and from inside the body. SENSORY FUNCTION
B. Transmits the information to the processing area
of the brain and spinal cord.
C. Processes the information to determine the best
response. INTEGRATIVE FUNCTION
D. Sends information to muscles, glands, and
organs (effectors) so they can respond correctly.
Muscular contraction or glandular secretions.
MOTOR FUNCTION
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View to 3:36 = 4 girls demo brain
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n
g1h-XCUIKg
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oPAqTP7058
Q
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9QXI_BxlY7M
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Vision
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Muscle coordination
Breathing
Happiness
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Language understanding
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Thirst and Hunger
Occipital lobe of the
cerebrum
Cerebellum
Brain stem
Amygdala and
frontal lobe of the
cerebrum
Wernicke’s area
in the temporal lobe
of the cerebrum
Hypothalamus
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Speech Production
Movement
Smell
Reasoning
Long-term memory
Hearing
Broca’s area in the left frontal lobe of
the cerebrum
Motor cortex at the back of the frontal
lobe of the cerebrum
Olfactory bulbs of limbic system;
signals also travel to hypothalamus
Frontal lobe of the cerebrum
Hippocampus and the frontal lobe of
the cerebrum
Temporal lobe of the cerebrum
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Bodily sensations, such as touch,
temperature and pain
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Taste
Blood pressure regulation
Sleeping and waking
Balance
Problem-solving
Parietal lobe of the
cerebrum
Frontal lobe of the
cerebrum
Brain stem –
medulla oblongata
Brain stem and
pineal gland
Cerebellum
Frontal lobe of the
cerebrum
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OMqWRl
xo1oQ
 Equipment
needed
 Computer /Internet / Microsoft
Excel
 White Latex free swim cap
 Sharpie colored markers
 Anatomy in Clay Maniken
 Lab Journal
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The cartoon-like
drawing shows how
the motor cortex is
devoted to controlling
specific body parts.
Some body parts are
depicted larger than
others (for example,
the hand is larger
than the shoulder)
because there are
more muscles
controlling those
areas.
Part III
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Add the last column to the journal table and add
activities/processes
Region of the
Brain
Cerebrum
Location
Primary
Function
Specific
Activities/Processes
Can we live with out part of the brain.
 What are the functions of the different
lobe of the brain. What are the facilities.
 What is Phrenology?
 Franz Joseph Gall 9 March 1758 – 22
August 1828 early pioneer in the study of
the localization of mental functions in the
brain.
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The frontal lobe, behind the forehead,
controls thinking, planning, judgment and
movement.
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The parietal lobe, on the top of the head,
 interprets sensory information, from the nerves
regarding taste, smell and touch. Spatial
Orientation
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The occipital lobe in the back of the head
main center for visual processing .
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The temporal lobe, on the sides near the
temples,
organizes sensory input, auditory perception,
language and speech production, as well as many
memories are stored there.
Cerebrum is the
wrinkled upper half of
the brain, what you
think of as "brain."
 The deep wrinkles,
called sulci, increase
the surface area so
more information
can be processed.
 The cerebrum is
divided into two
hemispheres,
 Each hemisphere has
four lobes: frontal,
parietal, temporal
and occipital.
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The cerebellum is
located in the back of
the head below the
occipital lobe.
It combines sensory
information to help
coordinate movement –
Balance
It is also the part of the
brain that helps you
pass a field sobriety
test from law
enforcement by
enabling you to touch
your nose with your
eyes closed and walk a
straight line heel to toe.
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The brain stem
includes the midbrain,
the pons and the
medulla oblongata.
The brain stem is very
important to life,
regulating heart rate,
blood pressure, body
temperature and
sleeping.
Any nerve impulse
traveling to the brain
from the spinal cord
must first pass through
the brain stem.
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Diencephalon is just
above the brain stem
Made up of the
thalamus and
hypothalamus.
The thalamus is the
gatekeeper for
messages sent to and
from the cerebrum
and the spinal cord.
The hypothalamus
controls body
temperature and vital
urges such as thirst,
hunger and fatigue.
6. How do scientists determine which areas of
the brain are associated with specific actions,
emotions or functions?
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Brain Stem- The part of the brain composed of the midbrain, pons, and
medulla oblongata and connecting the spinal cord with the forebrain and
cerebrum.
Central nervous system- The part of the nervous system which in
vertebrates consists of the brain and spinal cord, to which sensory impulses
are transmitted and from which motor impulses pass out, and which
supervises and coordinates the activity of the entire nervous system.
Cerebellum- A large dorsally projecting part of the brain concerned
especially with the coordination of muscles and the maintenance of bodily
equilibrium, situated between the brain stem and the back of the cerebrum
and formed in humans of two lateral lobes and a median lobe.
Cerebrum- The dorsal portion, composed of right and left hemispheres, of
the vertebrate forebrain; the integrating center for memory, learning,
emotions, and other highly complex function of the central nervous system.
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Gyrus-
A convoluted ridge between anatomical grooves.
Limbic System- A group of subcortical structures (as the
hypothalamus, the hippocampus, and the amygdala) of the brain
that are concerned especially with emotion and motivation.
Lobe- A division of a body organ (as the brain, lungs, or liver)
marked off by a fissure on the surface.
Peripheral nervous system- The part of the nervous system that
is outside the central nervous system and comprises the cranial
nerves excepting the optic nerve, the spinal nerves, and the
autonomic nervous system.
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Phrenology- The study of the conformation of the skull based on
the belief that it is indicative of mental faculties and character.
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Sulcus- A shallow furrow on the surface of the brain separating
adjacent gyri.
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1. How does communication happen
within the body?
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Cells are the basic building blocks of all living
things.
The human body is composed of trillions of
cells.
They provide structure for the body, take in
nutrients from food, convert those nutrients
into energy, and carry out specialized
functions.
Cells also contain the body’s hereditary
material and can make copies of themselves.
Sensory Neuron
Interneuron
Motor Neuron
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Neurons are similar to other cells in the body
because:
Neurons are surrounded by a cell membrane.
Neurons have a nucleus that contains genes.
Neurons contain cytoplasm, mitochondria
and other organelles.
Neurons carry out basic cellular processes
such as protein synthesis and energy
production.
Neurons differ from other cells in the body
because:
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Neurons have specialized extensions called
dendrites and axons. Dendrites bring
information to the cell body and axons take
information away from the cell body.
Neurons communicate with each other
through an electrochemical process.
Neurons contain some specialized structures
(for example, synapses) and chemicals (for
example, neurotransmitters).
2. What is the basic structure and
function of a neuron?
3. How do the different types of
neurons work together to send and
receive signals?
Share
and
discuss your
creations
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Small, branchlike projections of the cell make
connections to other cells and allow the
neuron to talk with other cells or perceive the
environment.
Dendrites can be located on one or both ends
of a cell.
Provide a large surface area for connecting
with other neurons.
They carry nerve impulses away from the cell
body
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This main part has all of the necessary
components of the cell, such as the nucleus
(which containsDNA), endoplasmic reticulum
and ribosomes (for building proteins) and
mitochondria (for making energy). If the cell
body dies, the neuron dies.
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This long, cable like projection of the cell carries
the electrochemical message (nerve impulse or
action potential) along the length of the cell.
Depending upon the type of neuron, axons can be
covered with a thin layer of myelin sheath, like an
insulated electrical wire
Myelinated neurons are typically found in the
peripheral nerves (sensory and motor neurons),
while non-myelinated neurons are found in the
brain and spinal cord.
Myelin is made of special cells called
Schwann Cells that forms an insulated
sheath, or wrapping around the axon.
 Myelin is composed of 80% lipid and 20%
protein.
 Myelin Sheaths greatly increase the speed
of impulse along an axon.
 Some myelinated axons conduct impulses
as rapid as 200 meters per second
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SMALL NODES or GAPS of un-insulated axonal
membrane called the Nodes of Ranvier are
between adjacent myelin sheath cells capable of
generating electrical activity
Parkinson's
The Synapse is a
structure that
permits the
electrical impulse to
pass from one cell
to another cell by
way of chemicals
called
neurotransmitters.
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Multipolar neurons are so-named because they
have many processes that extend from the cell
body: Functionally, these neurons are either
motor or association (CNS).
Unipolar neurons have but one process from
the cell body. However, that single, very short,
process splits into longer processes Unipolar
neurons are sensory neurons - conducting
impulses into the central nervous system.
Bipolar neurons have two processes - one
axon & one dendrite. Also sensory, example,
neurons found in the retina of the eye.
Carries impulses from receptors
e.g pain receptors in skin to the
CNS( brain or spinal cord)
Carries impulses from sensory
nerves to motor nerves.
Carries impulses from CNS to effectors- e.g.
muscle to bring about movement or gland
to bring about secretion of hormone e.g.
ADH
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An action potential is part of the process that
occurs during the firing of a neuron.
During the action potential, part of the neural
membrane opens to allow positively charged ions
inside the cell and negatively charged ions out.
This process causes a rapid increase in the
positive charge of the nerve fiber. When the
charge reaches +40 mv, the impulse is
propagated down the nerve fiber.
This electrical impulse is carried down the nerve
through a series of action potentials.
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Established due to an unequal distribution of
ions (charged atoms) on the two sides of a
nerve cell membrane.
Expressed as -70 mV, (the minus means that
the inside of the neuron is slightly negative
relative to the outside.
Called a RESTING potential because it occurs
when a membrane is not being stimulated or
conducting impulses, (in it's resting state).
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Passive Transport
• Movement of molecules with the
concentration gradient i.e., from high
to low concentration, in order to
maintain equilibrium in the cells.
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Active Transport
• Use of ATP (a form of energy) to pump
molecules against the concentration
gradient i.e., from low concentration
to high concentration.
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To transmit an impulse over a
distance without weakening
requires the signal to be reamplified along the way.
Takes a +charged ion and pushes
it to an area of even greater +
charge
Plus more Na+ outside the cell so
pushing against a Na+
concentration gradient – to an area
of more Na+ concentration
Active Transport=
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Step 1- 3 cytoplasmic Na+ ions from inside bond
to the pump (or Protein)
Step 2- ATP donates a phosphate group for
energy & changes shape of the protein
acact
Gary Kaiser
Na+ K+ Pump- Continued
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Step 3- Through active transport,
Na+ is expelled to the outside.
Step 4- 2 extracellular K+ bind to the
pump, releasing the phosphate
Step 5- The pump resumes its
original
shape.
Step 6- K+ is released inside
Na+ K+ Pump- Active transport
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http://higheredbcs.wiley.com/legacy/college/bo
yer/0471661791/animations/membrane_transp
ort/membrane_transport.htm.
http://teach.genetics.utah.edu/content/addictio
n/pompom.html.
http://outreach.mcb.harvard.edu/animations/sy
naptic.swf
https://highered.mcgrawhill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chap
ter2/animation__how_the_sodium_potassium_pu
mp_works.html
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C_HONQFjpQ – Sodium Potassium Pump
• Write
a paragraph
• Diagram and label 2
neurons passing a
message
• Create 5 trivia questions
4. How are electrical impulses created in the
human body?
5. How do neurons convey information using
both electrical and chemical signals?
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Reaction is voluntary while reflex is
involuntary
Reaction takes place through sensory nerves
that bring back message from the brain to
the motor nerve whereas sensory nerves
bypass brain and go up to CNS only in the
case of reflex.
This is why reflex is faster than reaction.
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REFLEXES are very fast, and Most Reflexes Never
Reach the Brain
They are a rapid MOTOR RESPONSE to a
STIMULUS because the Sensory Neuron
connected DIRECTLY with a MOTOR NEURON in
the Spinal Cord.
Blinking to protect your eyes from danger is a
reflex.
Sneezing is another examples of Reflex.
31 PAIRS of spinal nerves originate in the spinal
cord and branch out to both sides of the body.
Carrying messages to and from the spinal cord.
Within the spinal cord, motor and sensory
neurons are connected by INTERNEURONS
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A. Step on a tack with your bare foot.
B. Receptors in the skin are stimulated.
C. The Sensory Neurons carry the impulse to
Spinal Cord.
D. A group of Neurons in the Spinal Cord
AUTOMATICALLY ACTIVATES Motor Neurons.
E. These Motor Neurons cause the Muscles
(effectors) in your leg to contract, pulling you
foot away.
5. Notice that this message did not go to the
Brain, but was completed in the Spinal Cord.
REFLEX)
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Logger Pro-Human Physiology-14A Reflexes with
ACC
Vernier EKG sensor w adhesive pads
Vernier 25g Accelerometer
Reflex hammer\rubber bands\ tape measure
Alcohol pads
6. What factors impact our ability to react to a
stimulus?
7. How and why does reaction time differ in
reflex and voluntary actions?
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What is reaction time?
Who can reaction time be important factor in
our lives?
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Can be Voluntary –Due to a thought and
directed by the Central Nervous system–
Reaction time test
Can be Involuntary- generated by a reflex
◦
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Papillary light reflex
Jaw jerk reflex
Corneal reflex
Gag Reflex
Knee Jerk reflex
Achilles Reflex
Rooting reflex of newborn
www.nytimes.com/interactive/2009/07
/19/technology/20090919-drivinggame.html. Driving –texting activity
http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/bb/reac
tion/reaction.html time to think act, think act, read think act, read
think negate act activity for logger
pro.
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www.edheads.org/activities/brain_stimulatio
n/swf/index.htm.
Divide into groups by your assigned case
study
Research symptoms of your case study
When you decide on diagnose Ck with your
teacher. If correct prepare presentation for
the class.
Search : disorders of the nervous system
8. How do errors in communication impact
homeostasis in the human body?
9. How can biomedical professionals help treat,
cure and improve the quality of life of those
suffering from nervous system disorders?
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Provide background on your case
List of the symptoms
Discuss the areas of the brain affected and the
symptoms exhibited to help diagnose your
patient
Describe the prognosis of the patient
Describe what is life going to be like for this
person
Discuss two biomedical professionals that may
be able to help this individual deal with his/her
disease
Also include any information that is listed in your
Activity.
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Action Potential- A momentary reversal in electrical potential
across a plasma membrane (as of a nerve cell or muscle fiber)
that occurs when a cell has been activated by a stimulus.
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Axon- A long nerve cell process that usually conducts impulses
away from the cell body.
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Dendrite- Any of the usually branching protoplasmic processes
that conduct impulses toward the body of a neuron.
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Ion- An atom or group of atoms that carries a positive or
negative electric charge as a result of having lost or gained one
or more electrons.
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Myelin sheath- In a neuron, an insulating coat of cell membrane
from Schwann cells that is interrupted by nodes of Ranvier.
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Neurologist- A physician skilled in the diagnosis and treatment
of disease of the nervous system.
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Neuron- A nerve cell; the fundamental unit of the nervous
system, having structure and properties that allow it to conduct
signals by taking advantage of the electrical charge across its
cell membrane.
Neurotransmitter- A substance (as norepinephrine or
acetylcholine) that transmits nerve impulses across a synapse.
Reaction Time- The time elapsing between the beginning of the
application of a stimulus and the beginning of an organism's
reaction to it.
Reflex- An automatic and often inborn response to a stimulus
that involves a nerve impulse passing inward from a receptor to
the spinal cord and thence outward to an effector (as a muscle or
gland) without reaching the level of consciousness and often
without passing to the brain.
Synapse- The place at which a nervous impulse passes from one
neuron to another.
 Neurons
use impulses to relay
messages from throughout the
body
 What other means do humans
have to provide
communication within in the
body