西方文明史
第五講： 希臘化時代、羅馬
劉 慧
教授
【本著作除另有註明外，採取創用CC「姓名標示
－非商業性－相同方式分享」臺灣3.0版授權釋出】
1
The Hellenistic and the Roman
Civilizations
•
•
The Persian Empire (559-331)
Alexander the Great (r. 336-323) and his Empire
• Hellenistic Society
• Hellenistic Art
• Hellenistic Philosophy
•
The Roman Republic to 133 BCE
• Foundation myths; constitution; expansion
2
The Persian Empire
The Hellenistic World at the death
of Alexander the Great, 323 BCE
3
• His father Philip of Macedon
(r. 359-336) united Greece
– battle of Chaeronea 338 BCE
– Professional army
• Alexander conquered
– 334-331 Persia;
– 330 Bactria;
– 327-326 Indus River
• Pattern of rule: a mixture of Greek and Persian
– Greek-speaking governors, Greek settlers.
– Intermarriage: to breed a new upper class
– ‘Oriental’ despotism; glamour and ostentation:
dress, court etiquette, self-proclaimed god
4
•
The successor states
– Kingdoms of the Seleucids, Antigonids, and Ptolemies,
– 323-238 (Parthian dynasty in Iran); -146, -30 (became part of the Roman world)
•
•
•
Growth of trade and finance in a vast trading area
City/ polis
– The kingdom as a collection of cities
– New, splendid cities as administrative centres;
– public parks, museum, library, paved streets, theatre
Cosmopolitanism: ‘citizen of the world’, identity and way of life no longer centred on the polis, but on
the kingdom or the entire Hellenistic world
Ephesus
5
Hellenistic Culture
• Diffusion of Greek Culture; fusion of east and west
• Patrons:
–
–
–
–
Art, literature and science as source of prestige
Looking for unique items
Extravagant and sentimental,
Or light and undemanding: escapism
• Meander’s comedies of romantic love; the pastoral poetry
– Or displaying formal skills, most obviously in ungainly, ‘unnatural’ postures
• The end of the polis as the centre of human endeavours
– Philosophers on the good life: Stoicism, Epicureanism
6
7
Hellenistic architecture stressed magniloquence, grandeur and luxuriance,
which was partly derived from standards set by the Egyptians and Persians.
The Lighthouse of Alexandria
8
The Doric, Ionic and Corinthian columns
9
Hellenistic sculpture: extreme naturalism
Sculptors endeavoured to recreate facial furrows, muscular distensions and complex folds
of drapery, and to express extreme feeling, of unusual persons or dramatic moments.
The Dying Gaul, c.220 BCE
10
Old Market Woman, 2nd century BCE
The Winged Victory of Samothrace, c.200 BCE, shows flowing drapery.
11
The Laocoön Group. 1st c BCE height 7’
Intense emotion and complex composition
12
Hellenistic Philosophy
•
•
•
The main goal: the pursuit of eudaimoniai
(happiness)
Aristotle
Stoicism
– The cosmos is an ordered whole in which
all contradictions are resolved for the ultimate good
– One is to submit to the order of the universe (as it is good). Tranquility of mind will
then be attained.
•
Epicureanism
– Everything is the product of a fortuitous concourse of atoms
• based on the materialistic ‘atomism’ of Democritus c.450-400
– Since there is no ultimate purpose in the universe, the highest good is pleasure
• Moderate satisfaction of bodily appetites, mental pleasure of contemplating excellence
and satisfactions previously enjoyed
13
14
1. The Monarchy c. 753-500
2. The Republic c. 500-27 BCE
– The Early Republic c. 500-264 BCE
– The Wars with Carthage 264-146
BCE
– The Late Republic 134-27 BCE
• The founding of Rome
2.1 Constitutional changes in the
early republic
2.2 Imperial expansion
–
–
–
–
3. The Empire 27 BCE– The Early Empire/ the Principate 27
BCE-180 CE
– The Third-Century Crisis 180-284 CE
– The Late Empire/ the Dominate
284-476/565
To 264 BCE
To 146 BCE
The triumph
The latifundia
2.3 The crisis of the late Republic
– Populares vs. Optimates
• Who should benefit from the
profits of a wealthy state?
– Further expansion
15
Fascis
United States Capitol
Roman Capitoline Hill
16
1. The Founding of Rome
• The Italian peninsula: inhabitants
1. The Etruscans
– Not Indo-European
– By 6thC BCE: a confederation
of cities. Declined after 500
2. The Greeks
– Immigrants since 8thC BCE
– Culturally advanced
3. The Romans
– 2ndM BCE crossed the Alps
– Romulus founded Rome c. 753 BCE
– Aeneas the Trojan
• Dido, queen of Carthage
• 350 BCE; Virgil 70-19
17
Romulus, Remus and the She-wolf
The Intervention of the Sabine Women 1796-1799
Jacques-Louis David
18
2.1 From monarchy to republic
• Etruscan king overthrown c.500
– Legacy: a fear of king; equality among the elite
• Res publica, ‘public thing’
• Constitution of the republic
–
–
–
–
–
–
Imperium
2 consuls, praetors, aediles, quaestors
the dictator
the tribunes
the Senate
the Assemblies
• The ‘struggle of the orders’ 494-287 BCE:
a ‘Glacial’ political evolution
–
Patricians (10%) and plebeians
19
•
•
•
•
471: tribunes 2-10 (power of veto, inviolability); plebeian assembly
451: Law of the Twelve Tables
367: consulship open to plebeians
287: plebeian legislation binding on all Romans: plebiscite
• Consensus between the ‘two heads’ of the republic: the
Senate and the Roman people
• In effect, oligarchy, plutocracy
– -133 26 families provided ¾ consuls; 10 provided ½
– A patron and his clients
20
2.2 Expansion to 146 BCE
• Controlled almost the entire peninsula
by 265
– Defensive-offensive
• 264-241 the First Punic War
• 218-201 the Second Punic War
» Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus
• 149-146 the Third Punic War
» Publius Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus
• 200-197 Macedonian War
• 192-188 Syrian War
• 171-167 Macedonian War
» Lucius Aemilius Paullus
• 148 Macedonian War
21
The nature of Roman imperialism
• Rome demanded manpower from the Italians
• Not an aggressive power?
– Slow to annex
• E.g. the Macedonian wars
– Assisting allies
• But: Saguntum before 2nd PW; the East
– Defensive war
• Carthaginian ‘WMD’ before 3rd PW
– Virgil; the jus gentium
• Roman, remember by your strength to rule
Earth’s peoples – for your arts are to be these:
To pacify, to impose the rule of law,
To spare the conquered, battle down the proud.
• A militaristic society
22
• Glory, pietas, public spirit, competition
• The cursus honorum
– Young aristocrats had to serve 10 campaigns before standing for
office
– no distinction between the civilian and military command
structures
• Highest ambition was for a triumph
– ‘Remember you are only a man’
Rubens,
A Roman Triumph, 1630
23
2.3 Crisis in the Late Republic, 133-31
• Some consequences of empire
– The Roman upper class became Hellenized
• Art, literature, philosophy, education, creature comforts
– Spread of latifundia (great estates)
• Smallholders dispossessed - proletariat
– Ex-farmers moving into the cities, whose votes could be bought
• Slaves
• Populares (populists) vs. Optimates (constitutionalists, traditionalists)
– Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus, tribune of 133
• A precedent for the use of force in political disputes
• Generals with personal armies became political rulers: imperialistic conquests
continued
24
• Gaius Marius enlisted propertyless volunteers
– 112-104 Numidia
– 105-102 tribes in Southern France
and Northern Italy
• Sulla vs. Marius over Mithridatic campaign
– 86-82 Mithridates VI of Pontus
• Pompey reconstructed the Near East
– 67 pirates; 64 Mithridates VI of Pontus, Syria
• Caesar in the west
– 58-49 Gallia
• Pension, personal loyalty
• Prestige of Rome
25
A.
Hispania Ulterior 197 B.C.E.
B.
Hispania 197 B.C.E.
C.
Gallia 49 B.C.E.
D.
Corsica 238 B.C.E.
E.
Sardinia 238 B.C.E.
F.
Carthage 146 B.C.E.
1. Oligarchic government –
2. dictator-generals and
civil wars: 49-46, 44-42, 32-30 –
3. empire
• Marius
– Elevated to the consulship by the plebeian party
in 107 and reelected 6 times
– Supported by his army, a general could easily seize
power
• Sulla
– Named dictator in 82 for an unlimited term by
the aristocratic faction in the Senate
– Expanding the power of the Senate, reducing the
authority of the Tribunes
26
• Pompey, Julius Caesar
– The cause of the people
– Vying for fame. P: Syria, Palestine; C: Gaul
– 52: turned enemies. P was elected sole consul
and took the opportunity to deprive C of political power
– Civil war 49-46: in Greece, Egypt, Asia Minor
• Caesar:
– 46 BCE: dictator for 10 years; 44: dictator for life
•
•
•
•
to make war and peace, to control state revenues
Settled veterans and urban poor on unused lands
Go west: brought civilization to Iron-age Europe
Citizenship for Spaniards and Gauls
– Assassinated on the Ides of March in 44. Civil war 44-42
27
• 44 BCE Caesar’s grandnephew Octavian (63 BCE-14 CE)
– Joined Mark Antony and Lepidus in Rome to fight the
aristocratic group responsible for Caesar’s murder.
Won the Battle of Philippi in 42 BCE
– Quarrel between Antony and Octavian. Civil war 32-30
• Antony made an alliance with Cleopatra → struggle between
East and West.
– 31 BCE battle of Actium: a century of civil strife was over
28
版權聲明
頁碼
3
3、14
作品
版權標示
作者 / 來源
OCEANSIDE HIGH SCHOOL-Home of the Mariners
(http://blais.wikispaces.com/Ancient+Middle+Eastern+Peoples)，
2012.03.23 visited.
國立臺灣大學 歷史學系 劉慧 教授。
4
WIKIMEDIA COMMONS
(http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Alexander_the_GreatNy_Carlsberg_Glyptotek.jpg)，2012.03.25 visited.
4
WIKIMEDIA COMMONS
(http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ExpansionOfMacedon.jpg)，
2012.03.25 visited.
5
WIKIMEDIA COMMONS / ultimatejourneys
(http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ephesus_Theatre.jpg)，
2012.03.25 visited.
29
頁碼
作品
版權標示
作者 / 來源
5
Into His Own
(http://virtualreligion.net/iho/map2.html)，2012.04.02 visited.
依據著作權法第 46、52、65 條合理使用。
7
WIKIPEDIA
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gandhara_Buddha_(tnm).jpeg)，
2012.03.25 visited.
7
Flickr / dalbera
(http://www.flickr.com/photos/dalbera/5424601351/)，
2012.03.25 visited.
8
Squidoo / nancycarol
(http://www.squidoo.com/the-history-of-lighthouses)，
2012.03.25 visited.
9
WIKIMEDIA COMMONS
(http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:DoricParthenon.jpg)，
2012.03.25 visited.
30
頁碼
作品
版權標示
作者 / 來源
9
Flickr / groovehouse
(http://www.flickr.com/photos/groovehouse/92766675/)，
2012.03.25 visited.
9
WIKIMEDIA COMMONS
(http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Corinthian_Column_Head_Jerash.jpg)，
2012.04.17 visited.
10
bowersarthistory / AP Art History with Mr. Bowers
(http://bowersarthistory.wikispaces.com/Hellenistic)，
2012.03.25 visited.
10
Flickr / wallyg
(http://www.flickr.com/photos/wallyg/2099220916/)，
2012.03.25 visited.
11
bowersarthistory / AP Art History with Mr. Bowers
(http://bowersarthistory.wikispaces.com/Hellenistic)，
2012.03.25visited.
31
頁碼
作品
版權標示
作者 / 來源
11
Flickr / fmpgoh
(http://www.flickr.com/photos/fmpgoh/3705115782/)，
2012.03.25 visited.
12
Flickr / 1yen
(http://www.flickr.com/photos/1yen/4983156742/)，
2012.03.25 visited.
13
Wikiquote
(http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/File:Thomas_Jefferson_rev.jpg)，
2012.03.25 visited.
16
國立臺灣大學 歷史學研究所 胡芷嫣。
16
WIKIPEDIA
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Capitol_Building_Full_View.jpg)，
2012.03.26 visited.
32
頁碼
作品
版權標示
作者 / 來源
17
WIKIPEDIA
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Romulus.jpg)，
2012.03.26 visited.
18
University of Texas
(http://www.utexas.edu/courses/medworld/9221medmap.jpg)，2012.03.26 visited.
依據著作權法第46、52、65條合理使用
18
《The Aeneid》， Virgil(Author)、Robert Fitzgerald(Translator) ，Published
June 16th 1990 by Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group。
Good Reads(http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/12914.The_Aeneid)，
2012.03.26 visited.依據著作權法第 46、52、65 條合理使用。
19
WIKIPEDIA
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Intervention_of_the_Sabine_Women.jpg)，
2012.03.26 visited.
19
WIKIPEDIA
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Toga_(PSF).png)，
2012.04.02 visited.
33
頁碼
作品
版權標示
作者 / 來源
21
Introduction to Ancient Rome
(https://www.utexas.edu/courses/cc302_introtorome/s08/schedule/maps.htm)，
2012.04.02 visited.依據著作權法第 46、52、65 條合理使用。
21
Introduction to Ancient Rome
(https://www.utexas.edu/courses/cc302_introtorome/s08/schedule/maps.htm)，
2012.04.02 visited.依據著作權法第 46、52、65 條合理使用。
23
WIKIPEDIA
(http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rubens-roman-triumph.jpg)，
2012.04.02 visited.
25
Western Civilization
(http://wps.prenhall.com/hss_king_westernciv_3/42/10759/2754400.cw/content/ind
ex.html)，2012.04.26 visited.依據著作權法第 46、52、65 條合理使用。
25
國立臺灣大學 歷史學系 劉慧 教授。
34
頁碼
作品
版權標示
作者 / 來源
25
Introduction to Ancient Rome
(https://www.utexas.edu/courses/cc302_introtorome/s08/schedule/maps.htm)，
2012.04.02 visited.依據著作權法第 46、52、65 條合理使用。
26
《Rome: The Complete Second Season (2007)》，Producers: Bruno Heller, Jonathan
Stamp, John Melfi, Anne Thomopoulos， August 7, 2007。
Amazon(http://www.amazon.com/Rome-The-Complete-Second-Season/dp/B000PGTPH8)，
2012.04.02 visited.依據著作權法第 46、52、65 條合理使用。
26
《Imperium: A Novel of Ancient Rome》，Robert Harris(Author)，Simon & Schuster
(September 19, 2006)
Amazon(http://www.amazon.com/Imperium-A-Novel-Ancient-Rome/dp/074326603X)，
2012.04.02 visited.依據著作權法第 46、52、65 條合理使用。
27
Washington Latin Grade 6 / Ms. Dorsey
(http://latinpcs6.wikispaces.com/Ms.+Dorsey's+page)，
2012.04.03 visited.
27
Flickr / Ancient Art
(http://www.flickr.com/photos/antiquitiesproject/5795588092/)，
2012.04.03 visited.依據著作權法第 46、52、65 條合理使用。
35
頁碼
28
作品
版權標示
作者 / 來源
Flickr / David Paul Ohmer
(http://www.flickr.com/photos/the-o/2448458526/)，
2012.04.03 visited.
36