西方文明史
第十六講： 航海、遊歷
劉 慧
教授
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EDWARD III
1327-77
Edward Prince of
Wales
Lionel duke of
Clarence
RICHARD II
1377-99
Philippa
Roger Mortimer
earl of March
Anne
Edmund Mortimer
Richard duke of
York
EDWARD IV
1461-70,
71-83
John duke of
Lancaster
Edmund duke of
York
HENRY IV
1399-1413
John Beaufort earl
of Somerset
Richard earl of
Cambridge
HENRY V
1413-22
John duke of
Somerset
Richard duke of
York
HENRY VI
1422-61, 70-71
Margaret Beaufort
Edward
HENRY VII
1485-1509
RICHARD III
1483-85
2
Thomas duke of
Gloucester
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The Age of Exploration and Its Medieval Foundations in 11-14th c
•
Geographical expansion
•
•
The Levant, Poland, the eastern Baltic littoral, Scandinavia, Scotland, Wales, Iberia
Institutions
• Agricultural practice, town organization, guilds, university, international religions
order – exportable and adaptable units
•
Techniques
•
•
•
•
Sugar plantation, cattle ranching, fur trade, mining, fishing
Credit system, bookkeeping, partnership, monopoly, chartered company
Navigation
Pax Mongolia
• John of Monte Corvino, first Catholic archbishop of Peking, appointed by Pope
Clement V in 1307
• Jordan of Séverac, first Catholic bishop of Quilon from 1329
•
The 15th c: gold, God and glory
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•
•
•
•
Eastern/Central (/Northern) Europe: the German Eastward expansion
Italian Peninsula
Iberian Peninsula: Aragon and Portugal
‘Here, there be monsters’
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The German eastward expansion
•
•
•
•
10th c conversion of Bohemia
10th c Polish prince married Bohemian princess
Late 10th c: Hungary became Christian
Ostsiedlung
– Brandenburg; Poland, Bohemia
– Prussia, the eastern Baltic littoral (Lithuania)
– In the country (large-scale grain cultivation)/
in towns
– As invaders/ was invited
– Germanising/ Slavicized
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Italy
• Northern Italy: Pippin the Short, Charlemagne, Otto I etc. as King of the
Lombards
– Cities ruled by bishops; communal movement
– 11th c: emperor vs. pope
– 1176 the Lombard League won de facto independence
– Venice, Genoa, Pisa, Milan, Florence etc – traders, carriers, producers
• C. 1270 sailed through the Straits of Gibraltar to the North Sea
• Central Italy: Papal States
• Southern Italy: Byzantium and Muslim settlements –
1047-70s Norman kingdom of Sicily established –
1194 Henry VI and Frederick II –
1282 Angevin and Aragonese
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Iberia
•
•
•
•
Al-Andalus flourished in the 10th c
The Christian ‘reconquest’
1085 Castile took Toledo
The Almoravides and Almohades from North Africa
•
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• 1212 Innocent III proclaimed a crusade
• 1236 Castile took Cordoba
• Merino wool
• 1250 Portugal to present extent
• Atlantic coast line
• 1238 Aragon took Valencia, also Majorca and Minorca
• 1137 had united with the county of Barcelona/Catalonia
• Sea faring, Sicily
•
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• 1492 Granada finally fell
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Aragonese expertise in sailing
•
•
Annexed Barcelona in 1137; 13th c Majorca, Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica; took
Naples in 1435
Ferdinand and Isabella married in 1469
Kingdom of Aragon, 1443
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• Henry ‘the Navigator’ of Portugal (1394-1460) and the west coast of
Africa
– Provisioning Italian merchants’ ships
– Early 14thc, the Azores Island (1/3 distance)
– Late 14thc sugar and wine: Azores and Madeira
• Sugar plantation began in the 12th-c Syria, and was spread by the Genoese throughout the
Mediterranean islands
– Gold and slaves
Azores Islands
Madeira Islands
Canary Islands
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The Portuguese and the Spanish
1. 1488 Bartholomew Dias,
Cape of Good Hope: race commenced
3. 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas: a line 370 leagues
west and south of the Cape Verde Islands
4. 1497 Vasco da Gama: armed commercial
embassy
2. 1492 alternative route: underestimation and
Christopher Columbus
3. 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas
5. c.1500 a new world
6. 1513 Pacific sighted
7. 1519 Magellan and a ‘southwest passage’:
‘forced’ to circumnavigate the globe
8. 1519-21 Cortes, the Aztec empire
1533 Pizarro, the Inca empire
Mid 16thC governmental control. Silver,
farming, sugar
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Hereford Mappa Mundi, late 13th c
A T-O map
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The ‘Psalter Map’ , c. 1260
British Library Additional MS 28681, fol. 9
Diameter of map 90 mm
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Jorge de Aguiar's chart of the Mediterranean, Western Europe and African Coast (1492).
1030 × 770 mm
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版權聲明
頁碼
作品
版權標示
作者 / 來源
2
國立臺灣大學 歷史學系 劉 慧 教授。
3
《The White Queen (The Cousins' War #1)》
，Philippa Gregory，Published August 18th 2009 by Touchstone。
Good Reads(http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/5971165-the-white-queen)，
2012.06.29 visited.依據著作權法第 46、52、65 條合理使用
3
《The Other Boleyn Girl (2008)》
，Sony Pictures Home Entertainment，June 10, 2008。
Amazon(http://www.amazon.com/Other-Boleyn-Girl-NataliePortman/dp/B0012QE4Q2/ref=atv_upsell_dvd)，
2012.06.29 visited.依據著作權法第 46、52、65 條合理使用
3
《The Song Of Achilles》， Madeline Miller，Ecco ，Aug 28 2012。
Amazon(http://www.amazon.ca/gp/product/0062060627?ie=UTF8&tag=harpercanada20&linkCode=as2&camp=15121&creative=330641&creativeASIN=0062060627)，
2012.06.29 visited.依據著作權法第 46、52、65 條合理使用。
4
WIKIMEDIA COMMONS
(https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blank_Map_of_Europe_w_boundaries.svg)，2012.06.29 visited.
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頁碼
5、6、
7、8、11
作品
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Apeuropean / Apeuropean
(https://apeuropean.wikispaces.com/)，
2012.07.03 visited.
6
WIKIPEDIA
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Deutsche_Ostsiedlung.png)，
2012.07.03 visited.
8
WIKIPEDIA
(http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ficheiro:Al-Andalus_%28french%29.png)，
2012.07.03 visited.
9
WIKIMEDIA COMMONS
(http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Imperio_de_Arag%C3%B3n.png)，
2012.07.03 visited.
10
WIKIPEDIA
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Madeira_location_(PT_and_EU).jpg)，
2012.07.03 visited.
20
頁碼
作品
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作者 / 來源
11
國立臺灣大學 歷史學系 劉 慧 教授。
12
WIKIMEDIA COMMONS
(http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Vasco_da_Gama%27s_ship.jpg)，
2012.07.31 visited.
12、
13
14
15、
17
Jspivery / Ding Dong, Michelle C, Lynn, Erica
(http://jspivey.wikispaces.com/Ding+Dong,+Michelle+C,+Lynn,+Erica)，
2012.07.03 visited.
WIKIPEDIA
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hereford_Mappa_Mundi_1300.jpg)，
2012.07.03 visited.
WIKIPEDIA
(http://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Psalter_worl
d_map.jpg)，2012.07.03 visited.
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頁碼
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WIKIMEDIA COMMONS
(http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Jorge_Aguiar_1492_MR.jpg)，
2012.07.03 visited.
17
WIKIPEDIA
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maelstrom,_Carta_Marina.png)，
2012.07.03 visited.
17
Columbia University
(http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00generallinks/munster/india/aa_ind
ia.html)，2012.07.03 visited.依據著作權法第 46、52、65 條合理使用。
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維基百科
(http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dinosauroid_Reptoid.gif)，
2012.07.06 visited.
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維基百科
(http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alienigena.jpg)，
2012.07.06 visited.
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