The Early Republic
1789–1815
Main Ideas & Concepts
The Early Republic, 1789–1815
• Washington, Hamilton, and shaping of the national
government, foreign problems
• Emergence of political parties: Federalists and DemocraticRepublicans
• Republican Motherhood and education for women
• Beginnings of the Second Great Awakening
• Significance of Jefferson’s presidency
• Expansion into the trans-Appalachian West; American
Indian resistance
• Growth of slavery and free Black communities
• The War of 1812 and its consequences
Key Terms
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George Washington
Thomas Jefferson
Alexander Hamilton
John Adams
Loose/strict
Construction
• Bank of the U.S.
• Federalists
• Jeffersonians/Republi
cans
• Alien and Sedition
Acts
• Kentucky Resolutions
• Judiciary Act, 1789
• Pinckney’s Treaty
• Whiskey Rebellion
GW’s Government
(main idea #1)
• Unanimously elected
prez.
• Deeply respected
• Symbolized new
Government (Judicial
& Executive)
• Created Cabinet (not
specific in Cons.)
GW’s Government
(main idea #1)
• Washington’s Cabinet
• Advise the President
• Jefferson & Hamilton have differences on gov’t idea
– Creation of political parties
• DC is made the Capital (supported by both N & S)
Jefferson
Knox
Hamilton
Sec. of State
Sec. of War
Sec. of Treasury
GW’s Government
(main idea #1)
Accomplishments
– Functioning Gov.
– Census
– Judiciary Act of 1789:
creates federal court
system
– Tariff: tax on imports to
raise $$ for gov.
(proressive tax)
– Whiskey Rebellion 1789
(excise tax)
Jefferson
Virginia Planter
Jeffersonian/
Republicans
France
Promote yeomen
farmers
Background
Hamilton
•Bastard Child
•Social climber
Political
Party
Favorite
Country
Federalist
Thinks the
gov’t
should:
Promote Industry
England
Jefferson
Hamilton
Aristocracy
Fears
Power of States
Favors
•Strict
Construction:
•Const. should
be interpreted
literally
Construction :
How
Constitution
should be
interpreted
Democratic Excess
Power of Nat. Gov.
•Loose
Construction
•Believes in
“Implied Powers”
•Ex: U.S. Bank not
mentioned in
Const.
Jefferson vs. Hamilton
Main Idea #2
• Hamilton’s Achievements:
– Funding & Assumption
• National Gov. should take over States’ Debts
– Establishes Implied Powers Doctrine
– U.S. Bank Established, 1791
Foreign Affairs
Main Idea #3
Domestic/Foreign Issues
• France
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French Revolution: to help or not to help
Genet sent to gain US support
Increased divisions
France pissed off Jay’s Treaty w/ British
• Britain
– Jay’s Treaty (1794): who claims lands , British leave but trade fur
– Low Point (France seizes our ships in seas)
• Native Americans
– War for lands, US took lands
– Battle of Fallen Timbers (1794): US Won
• Spain
– Treaty of San Lorenzo (Pinckney Treaty 1795) (high Point)
• US gains lands to Miss, N. Fl, Use Miss River, Ports in L.A
• Prevention of Native American attacks on US
• S fears British
Bye, Bye GW
• Declined 3rd term
• GW’s Farewell
Address
– Beware of:
• Factions (parties)
• “Entangling
Alliances”
– Establishes
isolationism as
U.S. foreign policy.
The Adams Presidency
Main Idea #4
The Adams Presidency
Main Idea #4
• 1796 Elected
• Ugly term
• Jefferson is VP
– Controversial: diff
parties
– Constitution: 2nd
runner up is VP
The Adams Presidency
Main Idea #4
• 1797
• Avoided war w/
France
(achievement)
• XYZ Affair: failed
attempt to
negotiate w/
French.
• Federalists spread
treason rumors
• Increases Divisions
The Adams Presidency
Main Idea #4
• 1798 Alien & Sedition Acts
• Used to suppress Republicans
• Alien:
– gives president war powers
– Keeps immigrants from voting
• Sedition:
– Prosecutes those who criticize gov.
– Threatens 1st Amendment & Political Rights
The Adams Presidency
Main Idea #4
• 1798
• Kentucky & Virginia Resolutions:
–Drafted by Jefferson & Madison
–Claim that states have power to
nullify (void) federal laws.
• Dies out after awhile
Election of 1800
Main Idea #5
Election of 1800
• Election a Tie (Jefferson vs Burr)
• Decided in House of Representatives
• Jefferson Wins
– “We’re all Federalists and Republicans”
• Adams puts Federalists on Supreme Court
(before midnight)
• Importance of 1800 ELECTION
– VP he didn’t want
• 12th Amendment (Party Ticket)
– Change of political party power (Republican Rule)
Jefferson’s Presidency
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What are democratic-republican ideals?
What does he do to the gov’t?
Decline of Federalist power
John Marshall (justice) & Supreme Court
– Judiciary Act 1801: increased federal justices to
16.
• Midnight Judges: by Adams
• Expansion to the West: Lewis & Clark
Madison vs Marbury
• Supreme court case
• Pg 206-207 (American Textbook)
– Supreme court Analysis Chart) (AP)
– Reg & Honors: Read Aloud
Madison vs Marbury
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Definition: First decision by the Supreme Court to declare a law unconstitutional (1803).
Here is a summary:
At the very end of his term, President John Adams had made many federal appointments,
including William Marbury as justice of the peace in the District of Columbia.
Thomas Jefferson, the new president, refused to recognize the appointment of Marbury.
The normal practice of making such appointments was to deliver a "commission," or notice,
of appointment. This was normally done by the Secretary of State. Jefferson's Secretary of
State at the time was James Madison.
At the direction of Jefferson, Madison refused to deliver Marbury's commission. Marbury
sued Madison, and the Supreme Court took the case.
Chief Justice John Marshall wrote that the Judiciary Act of 1789, which spelled out the
practice of delivering such commissions for judges and justices of the peace, was
unconstitutional because it the gave the Supreme Court authority that was denied it by
Article III of the Constitution. Thus, the Supreme Court said, the Judiciary Act of 1789 was
illegal and not to be followed.
This was the first time the Supreme Court struck down a law because it was
unconstitutional. It was the beginning of the practice of "judicial review.“
Through this case, Chief Justice John Marshall established the power of judicial review: the
power of the Court not only to interpret the constitutionality of a law or statute but also to
carry out the process and enforce its decision.
Jefferson’s Presidency 1801-1809
• Louisiana Purchase: gain huge lands from
French. (1803) $15 million
– sent James Monroe
– Size doubled
• Western Expeditions: Lewis & Clark
– Sacagewea
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Went against his Republican ideals
Two terms- 2nd not smooth
Aaron Burr kills Hamilton in a duel
Did not accept 3rd term
War of 1812
• Britain vs America
• Causes
– French & British relations affected US
• Blocking trade routes -> affected the US
– Impressing of US Navy
– Embargo Act 1807: shut down American import
and exports
– Tecumseh’s Confederacy
• Positive Aspect of War: lead to American
manufacturing
War of 1812
• President: J. Madison
– Declared war
– Unprepared for war (military)
– Young US Navy
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British burned DC, White House
Victorious General Andrew Jackson (7th pres)
End of War: Treaty of Ghent Dec 24, 1814
Armistice: end of fighting
Peace came after a few years…divided nation