Final Exam Review
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Chapter 9 Lesson 1
What is a plant?
What characteristics are common to
all plants?
• Cell Structure
– Eukaroytic cells (membrane-bound organelles)
– Cell wall
– Chloroplast
– Central vacuole
• Multicellular
• Producers
What adaptations have enabled plant
species to survive Earth’s changing
environments?
• Protection
– Cuticle
• Slows down evaporation
• Protection from insects
• Support
– Cell wall made of cellulose
• Transporting Materials
– Vascular tissue
• Reproduction
– Water-resistant seeds or spores
– Movement of seeds or spores (water, wind, animals, etc.)
Chapter 9 Lesson 2
Seedless Plants
How are nonvascular and vascular
seedless plants alike, and how are they
different?
• Nonvascular Seedless Plants
– Bryophytes
– Small
– Lack vascular tissue
– No flowers
– Live in moist environments
– Materials move through osmosis and diffusion
Nonvascular Plants continued
– Do not have roots, stems or leaves
– Have rhizoids (unicellular or multicellular)
– Photosynthetic tissue is one layer thick – lacks
cuticle
– Reproduction by spores, requires water
– Examples: mosses, liverworts, hornworts
Vascular Seedless Plants
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90% of plants
Contain vascular tissue
Smaller than ancestors
Have roots, stems, and leaves
Reproduce with spores
Exampls: ferns, club mosses, horsetails
Chapter 9 Lesson 3
Seed Plants
What characteristics are common to
seed plants?
• Seed: tiny plant embryo and nutrition for
developing plant
• 300,000 species of seed plants
• Two groups
– Gymnosperms – cone-bearing plants
– Angiosperms – flowering plants
• Vascular Tissue
– Two types: xylem and phloem
– Xylem
• Carries water and dissolved nutrients from the roots to
the stems and leaves
• Supports plant
– Phloem
• Carries dissolved sugars throughout a plant
• Roots
– Anchor
– Help plant stay upright
– Absorb water and minerals
– Some plants store food in roots (carrots, radishes,
maple trees)
• Stems
– Connects roots to leaves
– Can be above ground or under ground
– Supports branches and leaves
– Xylem
– Phloem
– Classified as herbaceous (soft and green) or
woody (stiff, not green)
• Leaves
– Major site of photosynthesis
– Made up of layers of cells
– Cuticle
– Epidermis
• Stomata (singular is stoma)
• Open and close – controlled by guard cells
• Allows carbon dioxide, oxygen, and water vapor to pass
through
• Leaves continued
– Angiosperm – flat and broad
– Gymnosperm – needlelike or scalelike, thick
cuticle
How are gymnosperms and
angiosperms alike, and how are they
different?
• Gymnosperms
– Oldest plants
– Grow all over, except in Antarctica
– Seeds in cones
– Conifers – spruce, pine tree, redwoods
– Building materials, paper, medicines, ornamental
plants
• Angiosperms
– 260,000 species
– Grow in a variety of habitats
– Grains, vegetables, herbs, spices, fruits
– Clothing, medicines, building materials, food
– Flowers
• Seeds are a part of fruit
• Flowers may not be noticeable
What adaptations of flowering plants
enable them to survive in diverse
environments?
• Annuals
– One growing season
• Biennials
– Two growing seasons
• Perennials
– More than two growing seasons
Adaptations continued
• Monocots
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one seed leaf – cotyledon
Vascular tissue is scattered
Flowers in multiples of 3
Narrow leaves with parallel veins
• Dicots
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Two cotyledons (seed leaves)
Vascular tissue in rings
Flowers in multiples of 4 or 5
Leaves veins are branched