Biology 11

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Multi-cellular
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Autotrophic
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Eukaryotic
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Cell walls made of cellulose
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Store food in the form of starch

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Have chloroplasts containing chlorophyll
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Most are terrestrial, some are aquatic

Vessels
(xylem and phloem)
Leaves, roots, stems
Prepare a table to compare
Nonvascular and Vascular
Non-vascular Vascular
Examples

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No vessels
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No roots
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No stems
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No leaves
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Ex: Mosses and liverworts

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Have vessels to transport food and water
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They have roots, stems and leaves
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Ex: grass, corn, trees, flowers, bushes

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Xylem: transports water
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Phloem: transports food & nutrients

Vascular Plants can be sub-divided into Seedless vs Seed Plants

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Seedless plants ( e.g.
, ferns) have a vascular system but reproduce using spores.

Seed Plants can be further subdivided into
Gymnosperms and Angiosperms
Gymnosperms Angiosperms
Type of protection for seed
Type of leaves
Growing season
Type of pollination
Examples

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Gymnosperms
Cone-bearing plants
“naked seeds” = seeds that are not enclosed.
needle-like leaves usually stay green year round wind pollinated
Examples: pine trees & other evergreens

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Angiosperms
Flowering plants
Seeds are enclosed, usually in a fruit
Have finite growing seasons
Most are pollinated by birds & bees
The most successful group of plants
Examples: grasses, tulips, oaks
Divided into two main groups:
Monocots & Dicots

Angiosperms can be further subdivided into Monocots and
Dicots
Monocot Dicot
Number of
Cotyledons
Type of leaf veins
Type of root
Arrangement of vessels
Examples

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1 seed leaf (cotyledon)
 parallel veins on leaves
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3 part symmetry for flowers
 fibrous roots
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Vascular tissue scattered
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Example: lilies, onions, corn, grasses, wheat

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2 seed leaves
(cotyledons)
 net veins on leaves
 flowers have 4-5 parts
 taproots
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Vascular tissue arranged in a ring
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Examples: trees and ornamental flowers

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Transport gametes over great distances.
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Efficient dispersal via fruit.
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Tough, water resistant leaves for survival in hostile environments.

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Co-evolution between flowers and pollinators.
Birds are attracted to red flowers.
Bees can see colors that humans cannot.
Moth-pollinated flowers are white and bloom at night.

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Many insects are attracted to odors. One species smells like rotting meat and is pollinated by flies.
Flowers are often shaped so that non-pollinators cannot reach nectar or pollen. For example, hummingbird-pollinated flowers are long, and shaped like the bill of a hummingbird.
Wind-pollinated flowers are small, have no petals and little color and do not produce nectar.

Problems living in a terrestrial ecosystem
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Support - in water, the plant is held up.
On land, a support system is required.

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Aquatic plants are surrounded by water and nutrients so most cells can just absorb them the environment. Terrestrial plants require a system for collecting and transporting water.
Plants developed root systems that can collect and transport water. Some plants have shallow roots which spread out to collect water.
Water carrying minerals from the roots can travel to all parts of the plant and food made in the leaves can travel to non-photosynthetic parts of the plant.

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Leaves are covered by a waterproof outer layer called the cuticle.
Openings in the leaves called stomata allow passage of gases for photosynthesis but can be closed when it is too warm.
Gymnosperms have very narrow leaves to minimize water loss.

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Spores – tiny reproductive cells are carried long distance by the wind
Seeds :
– The embryo inside the seed is surrounded by a tough, drought-resistant, protective seed coat.
Food packaged in the seed provides energy for the young plant until it can grow above the soil and begin photosynthesizing.
– Adaptations of seeds help in their dispersal.
Some seeds are carried by wind, stick to the fur of animals or are eaten.

1.
Complete the Monocot/Dicot colouring with the large lily on the back
YOU SHOULD BE VERY FAMILIAR WITH
THIS COLOURING FOR THE UNIT TEST!