College and Career Terms
LEADERSHIP AND CAREER DEVELOPMENT
MISS MANN 2015
Technical School
AKA: Vocational Education
 1 - 4 year school
Example Programs:
 Cosmetology
 Automotive Technology
 HV/AC
 Culinary Arts
 Photography
 Technical School Programs
 Technical Careers
Benefits of Technical Schools
 Skill-Specific Education
 Day/Night Classes
 Lower Tuition Costs
 Open Admissions Policy
 More one-on-one instruction and hands-on experience.
Example Technical Schools
 Douglas Education Center
 New York Film Academy
 Juilliard
 PA Culinary
Community College
 2 year school offering an Associate’s Degree
Benefits:
 Low Tuition
 Live at Home
 Enter workforce sooner
Option 2:
 Transfer to a University for a Bachelor’s Degree
Example: 2 years at BC3, 2 years at PITT
Bachelor/Baccalaureate (B.A. or B.S.)
A degree awarded by a college or university to a person who
has completed __4 years__ of undergraduate studies.
*2 years of liberal studies courses
*2 years of major courses
Examples:
 Education
 Engineering
 Marketing
 Pre-med
Bachelor’s Degree Graduation Requirements
 120 credits
 Average 4 years
Example Exams to become licensed or certified:
 Teacher – 5 Praxis exams
- Math, Reading, Writing, 2 content area exams
 Engineer – FE exam (8 hours) and PE Exam (8 hours)
 Nurse – National Council Licensure Exam (NCLEX-RN)
 Architect – Architect Registration Exam – 7 exams
College vs. University?
College
University
 Bachelor’s degree
 Bachelor’s degree
 Master’s degree
 Master’s degree
 Doctorate degree
 Typically a small school
with small class sizes
 Wide variety of class
sizes
Private vs. Public Schools
Private
Public
 Often Costs More
 Often Costs Less for In-
 Sometimes Affiliated
w/ Religions
 Funding from Alumni
and Businesses
state students
 Funded by Local and
State Governments
What are Liberal Studies?
Denotes a curriculum that
imparts general knowledge
and develops the student’s
rational thought and
intellectual capabilities.
 College Writing
 Research Writing
 Humanities and Literature
 Fine Art Elective
 Math
 Science with Lab
 History and Geography
 Psychology
 Sociology
 Philosophy
 Technology Course
 Other Electives
Majors Explored
Social Sciences – Study of Human Society and Social
Relationships
 Psychology, Anthropology, Philosophy, Geography, Sociology,
Criminology
Humanities – Intellectual content
 Foreign language, culture, poetry, literature, religion
Fine Arts –Imaginative or Aesthetic
 Art, Dance, Theater, Music, Visual Arts
Natural Sciences – Deals with the physical world
 Biology, Chemistry, Physics, Meteorology, Archaeology, Geology
Health and Human Services – Protecting health, provides
human services
 Criminology, Culinary Arts, Nutrition, Hospitality, Child
Development, Fashion, Interior Design, Sport Science, Nursing,
PT/OT, Public Health, Social Work
Art vs. Science
Bachelor of Arts
1. General Education
2. Core Courses
3. Foreign language
4. Theoretical Research
5. Less Rigid
Psychology, Sociology,
History, Law
Well-Rounded Graduate
Bachelor of Science
1. General Education
2. Core Courses
3. Lab work w/ Accurate
Results
4. Computer and
Technology Oriented
Math, Science, Computers,
Medicine
Highly Knowledgeable
in Field of Study
What is an engineer?
 What is an Engineer? MIT Video
 Engineers are people who solve problems and focus
on making things work more efficiently and
effectively.
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Apply theories and principles of science and mathematics to research
and develop economical solutions to technical problems.
Link perceived social needs and commercial applications
www.tryengineering.org
 Types of Engineers
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30 types, http://typesofengineeringdegrees.org/
Engineering License
Steps to become a Professional Engineer (PE).
 Earn a degree from an ABET-accredited engineering program.
 Pass the FE exam. (Fundamentals of Engineering)
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Electrical and Computer
Civil
Mechanical - Example
Chemical - Example
Environmental
Industrial
Other
 Gain 4 years work experience.
 Pass the PE exam in the appropriate discipline.
(State requirements might vary.)
Video
What if the engineer doesn’t pass the exam?
Education
 The teacher’s license is obtained through the state – If you go to a
school in Ohio, you are licensed in Ohio
 The teacher’s license is temporary upon graduation:
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Instructional 1 Certificate (Valid for 6 years)
 During College:
 TB Test
 Speech and Hearing Test
 5 Praxis Exams: Praxis I Series and Praxis II
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Praxis I - Reading, Writing, Mathematics
Praxis II - Content Area and Specific Licensure Areas (Grade Levels)
 PK – 12
 K-3
 Grades 4 - 8
 Grades 7 – 12
Child abuse clearance
Criminal act clearance
FBI clearance and finger printing
Student Teaching – 1 full semester
Education
 After College
 Instructional II Certificate
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24 post-baccalaureate credits
 3 years of satisfactory service on a Level I certificate
 Complete a PDE induction program
 Continuing Requirements
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Act 48 – obtain 180 hours of continuing education every 5 years
Clearances every 3 years:
Child Abuse
 Criminal Act
 FBI & finger printing
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Education schools
 IUP
 Penn State
 SRU
 Duquesne - Expensive
 RMU
 Pitt – does not offer a
 Chatham
 Edinboro
 Cal U
 Clarion
 Grove City
 La Roche
 Westminster
 Thiel
traditional 4 year program
 Do NOT choose an
expensive school if
studying education. It is
an unnecessary cost.
 Save your money for a
Master’s degree.
Business
Types of Bachelor’s degrees:
 Accounting– Managerial, Taxation – Website
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Auditor/Accountant
Certified Public Accountant - Video
Advertising – Spreading the word about a product - Communication
Marketing – Product Development, Pricing, Distribution, Design
Finance – Banking, Insurance, Investments - Video
Management – Operations, Entrepreneurship, Small Business
Human Resources – Video Big Bang Theory
International Business – Managing Global Operations - Video
Management Information Systems – Managing Computer Networks
Video
 Public Relations (semi-business) – Video
 Supply Chain Management - Video
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Unique programs
 Point Park University
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Sports, Arts and Entertainment Management Degree (Video)
 University of Southern California (Video)
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World Bachelor in Business Degree
Study 1 year at USC, 1 year at Bocconi in Milan, and 1 year at Hong
Kong University of Science and Technology
4th year spent at school of choice
“The kind of student who will take this knows that he or she wants to
be an executive in a global world,” says James Ellis, dean of USC
Marshall. “This is someone who is focused. This is somebody who
knows he or she won’t be going to four years of football games and
fraternity parties.”
Nursing
 RN – Registered Nurse
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2 year degree, can go to school at a hospital then start working
Average salary according to BLS Report - $66,000
 BSN – Bachelor of Science in Nursing
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4 year degree - opportunity for advancement and management
Average salary according to BLS Report - $75,000
 MSN – Master of Science in Nursing
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4 year degree plus a 1-2 year Master’s degree
Clinical Nurse Leaders, Nurse Managers, Clinical Educators,
Research Assistants, Nurse Anesthetist, Clinical Nurse Specialist
 Doctor of Nursing
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Bachelors, Masters, and Doctorate degree
Research (Ph.D.), Practice (DNP), University Faculty, Research
Scientists, Nurse Practitioner, Nurse Anesthetist, Clinical Nurse
Specialist
Nursing License
 Must pass the NCLEX-RN (National Council Licensure Examination –
Registered Nurses)
 To maintain RN license:
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30 continuing credits every 2 years
Advanced Practice Registered Nurses (APRN)
Nurse Practitioners (NP) Video
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Average pay $95,000
Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetists (CRNA) Video
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Average pay $160,000
 Must have Bachelor’s degree in Nursing or RN-BSN Program
 Obtain state licensure as RN
 Minimum of 1 year in Critical Care (ICU, Cardiac, Surgical)
 Some recommend a Critical Care RN license
 Earn a Master’s degree in Nurse Anesthesia
 Pass the National Certification Exam (NCE)
Clinical Nurse Specialists (CNS) Video
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Average pay $85,000
Certified Nurse Mid-Wife (CNM)
Law enforcement
 Video
 Must be 21
 Better to get a college education – 60 credits or more
 Psychology is a good undergraduate major
 Studying a language such as Spanish can be useful
 Military experience improves chances of getting into
the police academy
 Shift work, long hours, stressful situations
Law Enforcement Careers
 Police Officer
 60 credits plus 6 month police academy
 Psychology and IQ test, Physical Exam
 Clean Record
 Detective
 Must have a Bachelor’s degree
 3 years minimum as a police officer
 Tests and Interviews
 FBI – Video, Careers
 Must have a Bachelor’s degree
 3 year minimum in professional field
 Absolutely have a clean record
 20 week Agent Training: academics, case exercises, firearms training, and
operational skills.
 Polygraph, written, psychological, vision, and physical fitness exams
State Trooper
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60 credits or 4 years of military experience
Physical, dental and vision exam
No visible tattoos or ear plugs
Background investigation, polygraph, psychological evaluation
Written examination
27 week paid cadet training ($1200 biweekly)
Common for cadets to be tasered and/or pepper sprayed
Salary Information
 Graduation after July 1, 2016 - Starting Salary is $ 58,962
Additional Benefits & Information
 annual clothing allowance of $600* for clothing maintenance.
 10* vacation days during their first year and 15 days of vacation after 2nd year
 15* sick days per calendar year.
 12* paid holidays and four personal days per calendar year.
Master’s Degree (M.A. or M.S.)
An academic degree given after completion of about
__2 years__ of study beyond the bachelor's degree.
Masters of Business Administration, MBA
 Masters of Physical Therapy, MPA (changing to Doctorate)
 Physician’s Assistant, P.A.
 Masters in Education, M.Ed.
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Master’s Degree Requirements
BEFORE:
Take the entrance exam:
GRE – Graduate Record Examination
-analogy, antonym, reading comprehension, sentence
completion, problem solving, and quantitative comparison.
DURING:
Complete 30-36 credits, or 1-2 years of work
AFTER:
Write a Thesis – a 30-50 page research paper
*not always required
Physician Assistant Programs
COMPARING PHYSICIAN ASSISTANT
SCHOOLS
Physician Assistant FAQs
 Schools are becoming even more competitive
 Out of 1000 applications, 35 accepted
 3.0 -3.5 is absolute minimum GPA for admission
 6 hour exam upon graduation
 Physician Assistant National Certifying Exam
(PANCE)
 May only take exam 6 times to pass in 6 years
 100 continuing medical training hours required
every 2 years (more cont. education will be req.)
 Must get recertified every 10 years (currently
changing from every 6 years)
Program Design
 4 + 2 = A Bachelor’s degree is obtained first at one
school, then you apply and complete a 2 year PA
program
 3+2 = An accelerated program. The Bachelor’s
degree courses are completed in 3 years and student
transitions into the PA program at the same school
or partner school
PA vs. NP
 What’s the difference between a Physician Assistant
and a Nurse Practitioner?
 Video
Doctorates
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Extensive academic work in a field of study.
It takes about __4__ years to complete.
Students must first complete a Bachelor’s degree, and
depending on the program, a Master’s degree.
(No Master’s degree)
 Physical Therapy– B.S. and D.P.T.
 Law – B.A./B.S. and J.D.
 Medicine – B.S. + M.D. + Residency
(All levels of degrees)
 Philosophy – B.A./B.S. + M.A./M.S. + Ph.D.
 Education – B.A./B.S. + M.A./M.S. + Ed.D.
 Engineering - B.A./B.S. + M.A./M.S. + Eng.D.
Doctorate of Physical Therapy
• Must first have a Bachelor’s degree
• DPT program is typically 3 years
• Includes clinical (internship) experience
• May need a law exam and criminal background check
• Must pass National Physical Therapy Exam (NPTE)
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May only take exam 3 times in a 12 month period
• Continuing education requirements vary for each state
Two Program Types:
 4 + 3 program
 3 + 3 program
Optional DPT Specialty Training
• After earning a DPT degree:
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Apply to a clinical residency program for additional training and experience
in specialty areas of care.
Typically 1 year in length.
Specialize further by completing a fellowship in an advanced clinical area.
• Obtain Board Certification
• After working in the field, apply to become a board-certified specialist
in one of 8 clinical specialty areas offered by the American Board of
Physical Therapy Specialties.
• Must pass an exam and complete at least 2,000 hours of clinical work
• Video
Occupational Therapy
 Helps those with illness or a disability to learn how to take
care of themselves and participate in meaningful activities
 Work with the environment around their clients
 Requires training with people who have mental or
emotional disorders and illnesses.
 Best OT Schools
 Training – Must have a Master’s degree, complete
field work, and pass the licensing exam (NBCOT)
 PT vs. OT
 OT for Veterans
Jurisdiction Doctorate
“Law Degree”
An academic degree given after completion of
__3 years __ of study beyond the bachelor's degree.
Steps to becoming a lawyer:
1. Obtain any 4 year Bachelor’s degree
2. Pass the L-SAT – Law School Admission Test
3. Complete the 3 year law school
4. Pass the Bar Exam to obtain licensure
Minimum # of years to become a lawyer: 7 years
Research Doctorate Degree
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Extensive academic work in a field of study.
It takes about __4__ years to complete.
___Dissertation___
 An original work ranging in length, per discipline,
from 50 to 800 pages
 Published in Scholarly Journals or as a Book
Examples:
 Doctor of Philosophy, Ph.D.
 Doctor of Education, Ed. D.
 Doctor of Engineering, Eng. D.
Research Doctorates
What steps are necessary to earn a research doctorate?
1. Attend a 4 year university (Bachelor’s degree)
2. Attend a 2 year graduate school (Master’s degree)
3. Complete a 4 year doctoral program
4. Complete a Dissertation (_50-800_ pages)
How many total years?
Example Careers
About 10 years
Professional Doctorate Degrees
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Doctorates with a focus on applied research for
professional purposes.
Typically earned in _4_ years.
Most often do not require the Master’s Degree!
Examples:
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Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine, D.O.
Doctor of Medicine, M.D.
Doctor of Dental Medicine, D.M.D.
Doctor of Dental Surgery, D.D.S.
Veterinarian, DVM, VMD
Chiropractor
Medical Specialties/Departments
Most frequently entered specialties: (NRMP data)
 Emergency Medicine
 Family Practice
 Internal Medicine
 Obstetrics-Gynecology
 Orthopedic Surgeon
 Pediatrics
 Psychiatry
 Surgery
 Difference between a D.O. and a M.D.? Other Specialties
Internists
Description
13 Subspecialties
 Treats Adults
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 “A doctor’s doctor”
 3-year residency
 Subspecialists in internal
medicine complete the 3year residency and a 2-3
year fellowship in the area
of interest
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Adolescent medicine
Allergy and immunology
Cardiology (heart)
Endocrinology (diabetes and other
glandular disorders)
Gastroenterology (colon and
intestinal tract)
Geriatrics (care of the elderly)
Hematology (blood)
Infectious disease – Epidemiology
Nephrology (kidneys)
Oncology (cancer)
Pulmonology (lungs)
Rheumatology (arthritis)
Sports medicine
Residency
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In-depth training for physicians after medical school.
Focuses on specific branches such as:
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Neurosurgery
Pediatrics
Cardiology
 Additional __3-7 years__ of training after obtaining the
M.D.
***You are a paid physician at this time but it is still training,
like an internship is for business students.
Match Day
 Match Day is the culmination of a grueling process.
After two years of basic science training and more
than a year of clinical rotations, fourth-year medical
students spend months interviewing with residency
programs, sometimes dozens of them, at hospitals
across the country.
 Soon-to-be graduates learn where they will spend
their residency
 UPenn Match Day
Attending Physician Requirements
Steps to becoming a Physician/Surgeon:
1. Obtain a Bachelor’s degree in a Science Field
2. Pass the M-CAT – Medical College Admission Test
3. Complete the 4 year medical school (training)
4. Complete the 3-7 year residency
5. Pass the United States Medical Licensing Examination
(USMLE) to obtain licensure, also known as the
“Boards” exam
Minimum # of years to become an Attending: 11-17 years
Vet Schools
 28 Total Schools
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#1 – University of California- Davis
#2 – Cornell University
#3 – Colorado State University
#3 – North Carolina State University
#5 – Ohio State University
#5 – University of Wisconsin – Madison
#7 – Texas A&M
#7 – University of Pennsylvania
#9 – University of Minnesota – Twin Cities
#10 – Tufts University
#10 – University of Georgia
#12 – Michigan State University
#13 – Iowa State University
Vet Schools
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#14 – Auburn University
#14 – Kansas State University
#14 – Purdue University
#14 – University of Florida
#19 – University of Illinois
#19 – Virginia Tech
#21 – Louisiana State University – Baton Rouge
#21 – University of Tennessee – Knoxville
#23 – University of Missouri
#24 – Oklahoma State University
#25 – Mississippi State University
#26 Oregon State University
Not Ranked:
Tuskegee University
 Western University of Health Sciences
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Salary (Earnings) / Benefits
Salary
 a fixed compensation periodically paid to a person for
regular work or services
 May be paid once a week, every other week, or once a
month.
Fringe Benefits
 compensation that is not in the form of direct cash to a
worker
 Health insurance, vision and dental insurance, life and
disability insurance, sick days, paid vacations, holidays,
401K, stocks, gas mileage, cell phone usage, company car,
flexible work schedules, child care, tuition reimbursement,
and bonuses
School Rankings & Ivy League
Best Ranked Schools
 Video
#1 – Princeton
#2 – Harvard
#3 – Yale – Video (Video 2)
#4 – Columbia
#4 – Stanford - Video
#4 – University of Chicago - Video
#7 – MIT
#8 – Duke
#9 – UPenn
#10 – CIT
#11 – Johns Hopkins
#12 – Dartmouth
#12 – Northwestern
Ivy League Schools
Video
Princeton
Harvard
Yale
Columbia
Dartmouth
UPenn
Cornell
Brown
The term Ivy League has
connotations of academic
excellence, selectivity in
admissions, and social elitism.
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