MK. PENGELOLAAN SDALH
PENGELOLAAN
SUMBERDAYA ALAM
DALAM
AGROEKOSISTEM
Diabstraksikan :smno.psdl.pdkl.ppsub.2013.
What is agricultural biodiversity?
It includes all components of biological diversity of relevance to
food and agriculture:
the variety and variability of
plants, animals and micro-organisms
at genetic, species and ecosystem level
which are necessary to sustain
key functions in the agro-ecosystem,
its structures and processes.
Local knowledge and cultural diversity can be considered an
essential part of agrobiodiversity as it is the human activity of
agriculture which conserves this biodiversity.
•
Sumber: Sally Bunning. Land Management Officer, Land and Water Development Division, FAO of the UN
Importance (value) of biodiversity in agricultural
ecosystems
In agricultural systems biodiversity is important
1. for the production of food, fibre, fuel, fodder...(goods)
2. to conserve the ecological foundations to sustain life (life
support function)
3. to allow adaptation to changing situations
4. and to sustain rural peoples’ livelihoods (sustainable
agriculture – food security, income, employment,...)
Specificity: it has been developed through human intervention
over generations and it requires human management to
sustain it.
•
Sumber: Sally Bunning. Land Management Officer, Land and Water Development Division, FAO of the UN
Agricultural Biodiversity is complex
Human Management practices and decisions
GENETIC and SPECIES
DIVERSITY
wild and domesticated
Crop based
systems:
food/fibre
crops, pasture,
trees (planned +
harvested spp.)
Mixed systems
and associated
biodiversity:
soil organisms,
pollinators,
predators
Livestock based
systems: pasture,
rangelands, cattle,
small ruminants,
poultry...
ECOSYSTEMS DIVERSITY
varied production systems
habitats and landscapes
•
CULTURAL
DIVERSITY
Case studies and
experiences to be
shared among
countries and
farming systems
Sumber: Sally Bunning. Land Management Officer, Land and Water Development Division, FAO of the UN
Need to address all components of agrobiodiversity
• Habitat diversity (mosaic of land uses varies with soil and terrain, hedges,
borders, trees in the landscape; farm type)
• Inter-species diversity (plant, animal and microbial)
• Inter-species diversity (very important for agrobiodiversity) genetic
resources, unique traits –resistance to drought, cold, disease, etc, rooting,
aspect, taste, storage, etc.
• Harvested species and Associated species (pollinators, beneficial/harmful
predators, soil organisms – health/ disease,…)
• as well as Cultural diversity (type of farmer and farm; regulations;
common property resources/ownership)
• and to understand implication of agrobiodiversity on ecosystem
functions/processes and the services provided
(see adapted Table by J. Paruel, Environmental controls and effect of land
use on ecosystem functioning in temperate Argentina)
•
Sumber: Sally Bunning. Land Management Officer, Land and Water Development Division, FAO of the UN
Farmers managing …
Farmers, even in the poorest and most food-insecure regions of the world,
manage genes by their decisions on crop varieties, manage species by their
decisions on farm animals and manage ecosystems by their decisions on soil or
pollinators (Kenmore, 2002)
A simple description of the linkages between the “managers” of natural
resources and the different components of biodiversity; genes, species and
ecosystems.
Examples of specific situation can provide you an idea of the diverse needs of the
natural resource management communities to be considered in observing and
monitoring biodiversity
The situations which I will be presenting are case studies highlighted during a
satellite event on the occasion of the 9th Regular session of the commission on
genetic resources for food and agriculture.
The examples will cover agricultural, aquatic and forest biodiversity highlighting
the need for a wide variety of data and information.
Throughout this overview, reference will also be made to international framework
and conventions
•
Sumber: Sally Bunning. Land Management Officer, Land and Water Development Division, FAO of the UN
Managing Agro-ecosystem biodiversity
COMPONENTS
Predators
and Parasites
Pollinators
Herbivores
Non-crop
Vegetation
Earthworms
Soil
Mesofauna
Soil
Microfauna
AGROECOSYSTEM
BIODIVERSITY
FUNCTIONS
Pollination
Genetic
introgression
Population
regulation
Biological
control
Biomass
consumption
Nutrient
cycling
ENHANCEMENTS
Intercropping
Rotations
Agroforestry
•
Competition
Allelopathy
Sources of natural
enemies Crop wild
relatives
No-Tillage
Cover crops
Soil structure
Nutrient
cycling
Decomposition
Predation
Nutrient cycling
Nutrient
cycling
Disease
suppression
Green manures Windbreaks
Composting
OM inputs
From Altieri, M.A. Biodiversity and pest management Agro-ecosystems, Haworth Press, New York, 1994)
Sumber: Sally Bunning. Land Management Officer, Land and Water Development Division, FAO of the UN
ECOSYSTEM SERVICES: FUNCTIONS (biodiversity related examples)
Food production The portion of gross primary production extractable as raw food. or
for processing for food (Game, crops, nuts, fruits by hunting, gathering,
subsistence or commercial farming)
Raw materials The portion of gross primary production extractable as raw material
(Production of wood, energy/fuel, fodder, ..)
Genetic resources Sources of unique biological materials and products. (Plant
varieties, animal races, medicinal extracts, products for materials science,
genes for resistance to plant pathogens/crop pests, ornamental species, pets,
Climate and Gas Regulation: of global temperature, precipitation, other biologically
mediated climatic processes at global/local levels (GHG); of atmospheric chemical
composition (CO2/O2 balance, C sequestration, CO3 for UVB protection)
Resilience/Disturbance Regulation: ecosystem response to environmental fluctuation,
mainly controlled by vegetation structure (storm protection, flood control,
drought recovery, other aspects of habitat response).
Water Regulation and Supply: of hydrological flow/regimes; water retention,
storage, provisioning in the watershed: (Infiltration, soil water retention
determined by vegetation cover/structure; water supply in aquifers, surface
water bodies; availability for consumption, irrigated agriculture, industry, transport)
Erosion control and Sediment retention: prevent loss of soil by wind, rain impact,
runoff; storage of silt in ecosystem, in lakes and wetlands.
ECOSYSTEM SERVICES: FUNCTIONS (biodiversity related examples) 2
Soil formation Processes of weathering of rock; soil build up (Accumulation of
organic material
Nutrient cycling: storage, cycling, processing, input of nutrients (N fixation, nutrient
cycles - N,P et al, breakdown of organic materials to soil OM- humus)
Waste Detoxification recovery of mobile nutrients, removal /break down of excess or
toxic nutrients/ compounds, pollutions control (detoxification by soil organisms).
Pollination Movement of floral gametes. (Supply of pollinators for the reproduction
of plant populations- insects, bats, birds)
Biological control Trophic (food web) dynamic regulations of populations (pestpredator interactions e.g. IPM, control of disease transmissions)
Refugia habitat for local/ transient populations (Nurseries, habitat for migratory
species, for locally harvested species, over wintering grounds
Recreation Providing opportunities (eco-tourism, outdoor recreational activities –
hunting, fishing, birdwatching)
Cultural Providing opportunities for non-commercial uses (Aesthetic, artistic,
educational, spiritual, and/or scientific values of ecosystems).
•
Sumber: Sally Bunning. Land Management Officer, Land and Water Development Division, FAO of the UN
Understanding Human Pressures on and threats to
agricultural biodiversity
Increasing pressure on species and their environments:
•
Population growth and poverty (increasing demand)
•
Overexploitation, mismanagement
•
Expansion into wetlands and fragile areas
•
Intensification and Specialisation of agriculture – market forces
•
Pollution
•
Urbanisation, changing consumption patterns, globalisation
Threats and risks
•
loss of plant and animal species
•
loss of plant varieties and animal races/breeds (loss of unique traits)
•
also loss of essential natural processes
–
–
•
pollination by insects, birds, bats etc.
regeneration of soils by micro-organisms
also reduced resilience.
Need to increase resilience of agriculture and human capacity to adapt (to
harsh periods, drought, climate change, pests, diseases) by maintaining a
wide array of life forms with unique traits
(e.g. trees that survive drought or cattle that reproduce in harsh conditions).
•
Sumber: Sally Bunning. Land Management Officer, Land and Water Development Division, FAO of the UN
Wide range of case studies illustrate Sustainable Use
of agrobiodiversity
• Integrated agro-ecological approaches : IPM, soil biological management
• Community-based adaptive management – animal and plant genetic
resources, diverse farming systems
• Local knowledge systems
– multiple uses of species (diet, nutrition, medicines; gender differentiated knowledge of
agrobiodiversity
– community perspectives/strategies in managing crop and livestock and associated
biodiversity; coping strategies for HIV/AIDS, climate change)
• Ecosystem approach: address all components, systems functioning and
services and human management (cf. EA principles)
• Strengthening viability of farm-livelihood systems with under-utilized
and under-valued biodiversity (opportunities; options)
– grasslands (grazing species preference, productivity; deep roots-below ground
biomass)
– mountains (adaptation to altitude, cold; disease resilience, etc.)
– marketing (diverse products, niche markets, organic agriculture, etc.
– recognition of positive externalities (valuing ecological services provided by
biodiversity associated with agricultural systems)
•
Sumber: Sally Bunning. Land Management Officer, Land and Water Development Division, FAO of the UN
Need to use common Agricultural Definitions
Sustainable agriculture is ecologically sound, environmentally sustainable,
economically viable, socially just and culturally appropriate … is based on a holistic
scientific approach and productive over the long term.
Farm System : the farm household, its resources, and the resource flows and
interactions at this individual farm level
Farming System: a population of individual farm systems that have broadly similar
resource bases, enterprise patterns, household livelihoods and constraints
Sustainable agricultural systems provide a range of goods (food, fuel, fibre, materials,
etc.) and services (also considered as positive externalities)
Need to select indicators for monitoring sustainability:
• soil (sustained health + productivity, prevent soil erosion, minimise off-site impacts,
... );
• water (water retention, maintain water regime, flood protection, etc);
• vegetation (protective land cover, structure, biomass, C sequestration)
• biodiversity (resilience, adaptability, opportunities) conservation of wildlife and
wild species; agricultural biodiversity: genetic resources inter- and intraspecies, farmed and associated species, ecosystem functions,
•
•
•
air quality (minimise greenhouse gas emissions)
rural amenities (e.g. landscape, tourism).
Sumber: Sally Bunning. Land Management Officer, Land and Water Development Division, FAO of the UN
Need to build on ongoing global agro-biodiversity
fora/intergovernmental processes
•
CBD Programme of Work on Agricultural Biodiversity: 4 components on
Assessment, Adaptive Management, Capacity Building, Mainstreaming)
– International Initiative for the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Soil
Biodiversity
– International Initiative for the Conservation and Sustainable Use of
Pollinators
•
International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture FAO
IT-PGRFA
•
International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) Sec. hosted by FAO
•
FAO Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture CGRFA
•
FAO Committee on Agriculture COAG
These have resulted in:
• Assessment, Monitoring and Priority Actions: GPA-PGR, SOWAGR, Good
Practices: SLM, Conservation agriculture, IPM, ....
• Guidelines: PGR, AGR, Pollinators, soil biodiversity, ecosystem approach, farmer
rights,
• Panel of Experts… etc.
•
Sumber: Sally Bunning. Land Management Officer, Land and Water Development Division, FAO of the UN
The International Treaty on Plant Genetic resources for Food
and Agriculture (IT)
1. This legally binding instrument is crucial for sustainable agriculture.
It provides a framework for national, regional and international
efforts to conserve and sustainably use plant genetic resources for
food and agriculture - and for sharing the benefits equitably, in
harmony with the Convention on Biological Diversity.
2. IT-PGRFA was adopted by the 31st session of the FAO Conference
(Resolution 3/2001)
3. It entered into force on 29 June 2004.
http://www.fao.org/ag/cgrfa/itpgr.htm
•
Sumber: Sally Bunning. Land Management Officer, Land and Water Development Division, FAO of the UN
Global Plan of Action for the Conservation
and Sustainable Use of PGRFA
Priority Activity Areas
In Situ Conservation and Development
Activity
1. Surveying and Inventorying of PGRFA
2. Supporting On-farm Management and Improvement of PGRFA
3. Assisting Farmers in Disaster Situations to Restore Agricultural Systems
4. Promoting in situ Conservation of Wild Crop Relatives and Wild Plants for Food production
(Sustainable) Utilization of Plant Genetic Resources Activity
Activity
9 Expanding characterization, evaluation and core collection
10 Increasing genetic enhancement and base broadening
11 Promoting sustainable agriculture
12Promiting under-utilized crops and species
13 Supporting seed production and distribution
14. developing new markets for local varieties an diversity rich products
also
Ex situ conservation.....
Capacity building and Institutions.....
Sumber: Sally Bunning. Land Management Officer, Land and Water Development Division, FAO of the UN
Global Strategy for the Management of Farm Animal Genetic
Resources
1.
FAO is coordinating its development to guide international action for the
sustainable use, development and conservation of domestic animal diversity
2.
supported by the Inter-governmental Technical Working Group on Animal
Genetic Resources
3.
An essential element is the first State of the world's animal genetic resources - a
comprehensive overview of farm animal biodiversity; country-driven process (as
agreed by CGRFA-8 in 1999).
4.
First stage of reporting completed >170 Country Reports, reports by
International organizations on relevant activities see DAD-IS.
5.
CGRFA-10 decided that the 1st Report, including the Report on Strategic
Priorities for Action should be finalized at the First International Technical
Conference on Animal Genetic Resources in 2007, hosted by the Government of
Switzerland in 2007 in Interlaken
6.
Draft Report on Strategic Priorities for Action was reviewed by electronic
Regional Consultations.
•
Sumber: Sally Bunning. Land Management Officer, Land and Water Development Division, FAO of the UN
Sumber genetik ternak domestik menghadapi risiko
Resources at Risk
1. Exotic genetic resources not sustainable
2. Indiscriminate crossbreeding
3. Genetic resources for future needs
Desirable commitments by governments
1. Include stakeholders in decision-making
2. Identification of sources of funding
3. Support breeder associations
4. Strengthen extension services
•
Sumber: Sally Bunning. Land Management Officer, Land and Water Development Division, FAO of the UN
Komisi FAO unt Sumber Genetik Pangan dan Pertanian
(CGRFA)
• The CGRFA deals with policy, sectorial and cross sectorial matters related to
the conservation and utilization of genetic resources for food and agriculture.
• It develops and monitors
– the Global Strategy for the Management of Farm Animal Genetic Resources and
– the Global System for Plant Genetic Resources – for food and agriculture.
• It has been addressing genetic resources in a stepwise manner (plant genetic
resources  animal …..) but has agreed on the need for an ecosystem
approach
• Hence the side event on its 20th anniversary (CGRFA 10): Mainstreaming
agricultural biodiversity for food security (8-10 November 2004) and resulting
in the publication on Biodiversity and the Ecosystem Approach (See website)
•
Sumber: Sally Bunning. Land Management Officer, Land and Water Development Division, FAO of the UN
Pilihan teknologi bagi negara-negara yang menerapkan
AGBIO
• Enhance biodiversity through
–
–
–
–
Sustainable agriculture
Sustainable pastoralism
Sustainable intensification (enhance productivity and function)
livelihoods’ diversification
• Managing seed systems to promote the sustainable utilization of
crop genetic resources
• Economic analysis: marketing, addressing and valuing the multiple
roles of agriculture (www.fao.org/es/esa/roa) and externalities
• Integrate into poverty alleviation strategies
•
Sumber: Sally Bunning. Land Management Officer, Land and Water Development Division, FAO of the UN
Case studies of Sustainable agriculture - enhancing
agricultural biodiversity
• Increased use of mixtures (intercropping, multistorey, agro-forestry,
crop-livestock systems)
• Access to a wide range of good quality genetic material (plant and
animal)
– Promote production of local germplasm and commercialization
– Promote decentralized and participatory breeding
• Improve use of genetic diversity as part of IPM strategies
• Monitor and identify underutilized species, support needs
• Develop sustainable management practices and post-harvest and
marketing methods;
• Stimulate demand for diverse local products (niche markets, labelling,
registration)
• Review and promote policies for development and use e.g. biodiversity
conseravtion and coping with climate change
•
Sumber: Sally Bunning. Land Management Officer, Land and Water Development Division, FAO of the UN
Soil biodiversity and its management
Managing termites and organic mulch for soil productivity by researchers
in Burkina Faso:
Surface mulch applied to crusted soils was used to stimulate termite
feeding and burrowing. This lead to improved soil structures, better
aggregate formation, and enhanced soil function. Mixing and burrowing
of termites can be stimulated by applying organic mulch and their
feeding can promote soil regenerative activities
I would like to refer to a case study in the Sahel region, an in particular in Burkina Faso.
---Case study – Burkina Faso: « Managing termites and organic resources to improve
soil productivit in the Sahel »
http://www.fao.org/AG/AGL/agll/soilbiod/cases/caseA2.pdf
This is a case study in response to the call of the CBD Sec as follow up to decision on
agr-biod (FAO has assisted to compile such studies)
The main purpose of this work was to evaluate the capacity of termites to improve their
ability to reduce soil compaction, increase soil porosity and improve the water infiltration
and
retention
the soil. Officer, Land and Water Development Division, FAO of the UN
• Sumber:
Sallycapabalities
Bunning. Landof
Management
From Microorganisms
e.g. bacteria + fungi
...Roots in the soil and
their interactions with
species above & below
ground
•
Soil Biodiversity
Micro & meso-fauna
protozoa,
nematodes to
acari & springtails
Macro-fauna e.g. ants,
termites, earthworms
Sumber: Sally Bunning. Land Management Officer, Land and Water Development Division, FAO of the UN
Managing Pollinators
Management practice:
In Himachal Pradesh in Northwest Indian Himalayas
farmers are using colonies of honeybees – Apis
cerana and Apis mellifera for pollination of apple
crop.
 An organized system of hiring and renting
bee colonies for pollination exists
Case study from the North Western Himalayas concerning pollination.
1) It is important to highlight that the focus of agriculture in the Him-region is slowly
shifting from traditional cereal crops for subsistence agriculture to high-value cashcrop farming … (fruits)
2) Thus this shift poses new challenges related to the improving and maintaining
productivity and quality …
3) The study highlighted that a way to confront such challenge is through pollination …
• yet
Sumber:
Sally Bunning.
Land Management
Officer, Land
a decline
in pollinators
was noticeable
… and Water Development Division, FAO of the UN
Results: ImpactThese
of Apis
cerana
pollination
are some
of the results
highlighting theon
improvement in productivity and quality of the cash-crop
fruit
productivity
(which then in turns is an improvement in terms of
Crop
Increase
in fruit
set (%)
Apple
10
Peach
22
-MONITORING
39
11/14
Partap et al,
of the resources (cash crop yields 2000
and quality)
of the pollinators
Citrus
24
35
9/35(population and diversity)
Partap, 2000a
of the habitat / LUC
Of chemical fertilizers and pesticides and their
Strawberry
112
48
Misshapen fruit
Partap 2000b
utilization
decreased by
… climate change
50%
Of the economic value of pollination …
Also reduced premature fruit
in apple,
peach, plum,
and
citrus.
(freedrop
service
vs hand-pollination
like
in the
Maoxian
Sumber: Sally Bunning. Land Management
Officer,
Land and Water Development Division, FAO of the UN
county
in China)
Plum
•
economic value)
Increase in Increase in fruit
Reference
fruit
size (length/
The study emphasised the need to conserve pollinators
weight (%) diameter) (%)
populations (and also the diversity) so as to ensure
pollination ... By taking into consideration the factors
behind the decline
study
33
15/10of pollinators …the
Dulta
andalso
highlighted the importance of biodiversity
Verma,observations
1987
so as to maintain pollinators population and thus ensure
44
Partap et al,
pollination 29/23
2000
13
Targeting farmers: Increasing Farmer Access to Germplasm
and Information
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
•
Information, and seed exchange between farmers slow
Access to research generated germplasm poor
Participatory breeding with farmers’ organizations
Joint activities for improved information sharing
Test new options for seed dissemination
Sumber: Sally Bunning. Land Management Officer, Land and Water Development Division, FAO of the UN
Case studies/opportunities for Sustainable
pastoralism
• Controlled burning by pastoralists can improve forage quality and
diversification of vegetation structure and species composition (trees,
shrubs, perennials, annuals)
• Livestock grazing and crop-livestock integration can improve nutrient cycling
and make better use of fragile resources/ ecosystems
• Livestock wildlife interaction: management of animal movements, stocking
rates, control of incompatible cultivation by farmers; herders protect grazing
wildlife from predators
• Settled herders creates long-lasting nutrient hotspots (kraals; fields)
• Intensification and fragmentation of rangelands seems to cause a LOSS in
livestock production (may need to rethink ranching, sedentarisation)
Challenges - control of livestock numbers: use of common property resources;
prestige, savings, security, culture Improvement of pasture and rangelands
•
Sumber: Sally Bunning. Land Management Officer, Land and Water Development Division, FAO of the UN
Case studies/Opportunities for Sustainable
intensification
Sustainable management practices: controlled burning and grazing, woodlots for energy and
timber, field borders/hedges, crop-livestock-forestry interactions are key to maintaining
diverse habitats and landscapes that support biodiversity
Human management of ecosystems may increase species diversity
– semiarid savannas: managed pasture, control invasive forest and shrub species,
harvesting, gathering and planting
– diversified agro-silvo-pastoral systems
– multi-layer farming systems: trees, perennials- banana, coffee, annuals)
Planned settlements/roads: reduces lands with potential, avoid biodiversity hotspots,
environmentally-friendly (green belt, trees, etc.)
Protected areas, buffer zones, specific action to safeguard those groups and species that are
more sensitive to human use than others, to allow hunting and gathering and in situ
conservation of landraces/farmers varieties/breeds
Land use planning by communities and sub-catchments to promote biodiversity. Vary land
use type with soil type, terrain, microclimate, access to water. Patchwork of settlements,
cropland, pasture, forestland, and protected areas.
Regulations : stocking density, seasonality, quotas, user groups, etc.
•
Sumber: Sally Bunning. Land Management Officer, Land and Water Development Division, FAO of the UN
Sustainability - adaptation to change and
enhancing systems’ resilience
• Supporting the ability of farmers to remain agile in
responding to new challenges, by adapting their
production system
• Resilience or adaptive capacity are properties of the
actors and the system in which they function
• Resilience may indicate a return to the status quo.
Agility/adaptability refers to continuously moving
targets/changing situations
• Need to sustain use and sustain adaptive capacity to
increase probability of meeting future needs
•
Sumber: Sally Bunning. Land Management Officer, Land and Water Development Division, FAO of the UN
FAO: Roles of Agriculture Project
Premise 1: Agriculture provides multiple non-commodity outputs that are not
valued by market transactions  may be under-produced relative to what
society desires.
Premise 2: As income rises (socio-economic/agricultural development), the
economic importance of the commodity outputs of agriculture decreases in
relative terms, and willingness to pay for its other roles increases
Policy challenge
to Address Externalities (costs or benefits not valued in the market and not
adequately taken into account by actor/decision maker)
to Safeguard Common Resources/Public Goods (rules of access and use;
mechanisms for collective action to prevent degradation, under / over use)
to Integrate natural resources management /ecosystem approach (resources,
and their products, are interlinked, management /policy measures for one
resource/sector affects the others
to Create resource/ecosystem friendly markets that generate growth and
promote sustainable use/management of resources and ecosystems.
Studies conducted in Ethiopia, Ghana, Mali, South Africa, Morocco
•
Sumber: Sally Bunning. Land Management Officer, Land and Water Development Division, FAO of the UN
Roles of Agriculture
ENVIRONMENTAL
EXTERNALITIES
SOCIAL VIABILITY
Equity; Stability
FOOD SECURITY
CULTURAL ROLE
POVERTY ALLEVIATION
Gender; Heritage; IK
Global:
Global:
Global:
 Ecosystem resilience
Global:
Social
stability
Economic
Growth
Climate change mitigation
Cultural Diversity
Poverty
Alleviation
Poverty
alleviation
(C, land cover)
Indigenous Knowledge
World
Food
Security
Biodiversity
Regional/National:
Regional/National:
 Rural-urban
Regional/National:
 Ecosystem resilience
Regional/ National:
migration
(social

Access
to
food
 Watershed mgmt
 Cultural heritage
implications)

National
security
(prevent soil erosion & off Cultural identity

Welfare
systems

Food
safety
site impacts)
 Perception of roles
substitute

support
in
times
of
 Water (stable regime;
of agriculture

Social
capital
crises
(remittances,
flood prevention)
formation
migration, fiscal support,
 Biodiversity
Biodiversity: diverse
food aid)
 plant + animal genetic
livelihoods
resources; services
 wild spp.+ wildlife
conservation
Local:
Local:
Air quality (reduce GHG)
Local:
Social
stability
of
rural
Local
/
household
food
Local:
 Landscape,
community
security
 Ecosystem resilience
recreation, tourism

Rural
employment

Biodiversity:
nutrition;
pest
 Biodiversity
 Indigenous knowledge

Family
values,
gender
+
disease
control,
options
 farmed spp., associated
(disaster prevention,
impact.

Sustainability
spp., ecosystem functions
biodiversity, medicinal
Bodiversity-coping
Employment
 NRM- soil+ water
applications)
strategies;
risk
mgmt

Income

services
Traditional technology.
•conservation
Sumber: Sally Bunning. Land Management Officer, Land and Water Development Division,
FAO of the UN
 Pollution control
Targeting Communities livelihoods and
nutrition through local agrobiodiversity
Market opportunities
• Premium price for local products
• Increased productivity of landraces (improved seed quality; crop
rotations; water harvesting
• Add-value products (fruit and milk processing)
• Production of herbs, medicinal plants, honey (bee keeping)
• Handicrafts and Ecotourism
Nutrition /dietary diversity and opportunities
• Dietary energy supply can be satisfied without diversity but
•
micro-nutrient supply cannot (e.g. essential fatty acids;
amino acids)
• Wild and domesticated species and intra-species diversity
play key roles in global food security
• Different species/varieties have very different nutrient
Sumber:
Sally Bunning. Land Management Officer, Land and Water Development Division, FAO of the UN
contents
Catchments: strengthen relation between ‘upland land users (as
providers’ of ES) and lowland land + water users (beneficiaries)
implications
Natural capital &
properties that
‘come with the
Dynamic
territory’
landscapes
Biodiversity &
landscape beauty
Water quantity,
evenness of flow
& quality
Terrestrial carbon
Absence Mitigation, Direct storage
of threats increase in
benefits
filtering
Efforts
Control over territory
•
Environmental
Service
providers
functions
Environmental
Service
beneficiaries
Recognition & rewards
Opportunity
costs
transaction
costs Division, FAO of the UN
Sumber: Sally
Bunning. Land
Management Officer, Land and
Water Development
Mainstreaming biodiversity for sustainable
agriculture and food security
Programmes, Institutions and Capacity Building
•
•
Multi-sectoral approaches: agricultural, environmental, land, water, community
development, planning and finance (coordination; committees).
•
Mainstreaming in national programmes (poverty alleviation, gender)
•
Land use planning at community and watershed levels (landscape; habitat
dimensions)
•
Supporting on farm management
•
Networks : e.g. plant genetic resources, research + development
•
Participatory assessment, monitoring and early warning systems
•
Information systems (threatened resources, threats etc)
•
Training and education: curricula, adult education, extension, gender
•
Raising awareness of importance (value) - public, private sector decision makers
(local media, schools, etc)
Sumber: Sally Bunning. Land Management Officer, Land and Water Development Division, FAO of the UN
Agriculture-environment collaboration – identify synergy,
mutual benefits
BiodiversityAgriculture
Productivity
Adaptation
Maintenance of ecosystem functions
Agriculture Biodiversity
Delivery of ecosystem services
Incentives
Ecological knowledge
•
Sumber: Sally Bunning. Land Management Officer, Land and Water Development Division, FAO of the UN
Agriculture-environment collaboration – identify synergy, mutual
benefits
It is an important issue in order to understand the needs of the natural
resources management communities …
Biodiversity benefits agricultural/managed ecosystems
1. productivity: conservation management of broad-based genetic
diversity within domesticated species has been improving agricultural
production for 10000 years;
2. Adaptation: a diverse range of organisms contributes to the resilience
of agricultural ecosystems and their capacity to recover from
environmental stress and to evolve.
3. Maintenance of ecosystem functions: essential functions ….
Agricultural/managed ecosystems benefits biodiversity
•
Sumber: Sally Bunning. Land Management Officer, Land and Water Development Division, FAO of the UN
The National Agricultural Biodiversity
Programme in Lao
NATIONAL AGRICULTURAL
BIODIVERSITY PROGRAMME
CROP AND
CROP
ASSOCIATED
BIODIVERSITY
LIVESTOCK
DEVELOPMENT
AND
MANAGEMENT
NON-TIMBER
FOREST
PRODUCTS AND
OTHER
TERRESTRIAL
BIODIVERSITY
SUSTAINABLE
USE AND
CONSERVATION
OF AQUATIC
BIODIVERSITY
HOUSEHOLDBASED
INTEGRATED
AGRICULTURE
PRODUCTION
SYSTEMS
INTEGRATED PARTICIPATORY PLANNING APPROACHES
MANAGEMENT ARRANGEMENTS
•
Sumber: Sally Bunning. Land Management Officer, Land and Water Development Division, FAO of the UN
FAO Agro-biodiversity Publications
You are invited to look at display copies of
• Biodiversity Awareness Folder (series of flyers/fact sheets e.g. Why is
Biodiversity Important for the Maintenance of Agro-ecosystem
Functions?
• Publication Biodiversity and the Ecosystem Approach in
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, 2003, case studies developed
with partners htttp://www.fao.org/biodiversity_en.asp
• Powerpoint presentations prepared forCGRFA-10 Side event Case
studies of Mainstreaming agrobiodiversity for food security
(November 2004)
• distributed Publications: Valuing crop biodiversity and Beyond
the Gene Horizon (prepoared with IPGRI, now Bioversity)
•
Sumber: Sally Bunning. Land Management Officer, Land and Water Development Division, FAO of the UN
Overview of the FAO - Government of
Kenya Agrobiodiversity Programme
FAO–Netherlands Partnership Programme
(FNPP II - 2005 – 2007)
Collaboration for policy and strategic support for
sustainable ecosystems, rural livelihoods and
food security
Food Security
Agrobiodiversity
Forestry
Sumber: Sally Bunning. Land Management Officer, Land and Water Development Division, FAO of the UN
Linkages/synergies being developed among themes for integrated
process
Coordination for more effective programmes and actions (identify gaps,
avoid duplication)
Impact on policy: within 2 years contribute to harmonised policy (agroenvironment, food and nutrition policy, agroforestry)
In longer term improve programme synergy and resource allocations and
improve situation for rural people through Inter-sectoral/disciplinarity
Food Security
Agrobiodiversity
Forestry
Sumber: Sally Bunning. Land Management Officer, Land and Water Development Division, FAO of the UN
Guiding principles of Kenya strategic integrated
programme
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
•
People centred (gender equity)
Inter-sectoral approach/ process
Strengthening existing programme activities
Policy impact in short/ medium term
Ecosystem approach
Opportunity for establishing synergies
Integrating water
Sumber: Sally Bunning. Land Management Officer, Land and Water Development Division, FAO of the UN
AGBD Programme framework and linkages
Policy dialogue- mainstreaming
AGBD, enabling environment
Harmonisation AGBD, FS, FO
Integrated land use,
resources and
agrobiodiversity
assessment
Specific
studies
Local community
action in Lake Zone
district - fishing
communities
•
Training institutes information and
communication
Case
studies
and policy
briefs
Specific
databases
Local community
action in Dryland
district agropastoral
communities
Sumber: Sally Bunning. Land Management Officer, Land and Water Development Division, FAO of the UN
AGBD Issues respond to needs identified
Habitat management
(beaches, user rights, pollination)
Integrated resources management
(agro-ecological approaches; river basin management, soil, water,
biological resources)
Alternative livelihoods
(fishing communities)
Invasiveness
(e.g. Prosopis – other woody species. learning from fisheries)
Responding to HIV/AIDS
(labour saving CA approaches, nutrition, fisher-trader links)
Drought resilience
(local varieties/species, runoof management
Markets - Seeds Networks
•
(prices,
organisation,
farming
as aDevelopment
business) Division, FAO of the UN
Sumber: Sally Bunning. Land
Management
Officer, Land
and Water
Agrobiodiversity Programme: Local level –FFS in diverse farming
systems/AEZ
Identifying and adapting agrobiodiversity management options
+ opportunities
Link with drylands
Sudan, Eritrea, Somalia
1) Mwingi district, semi-arid
agro-pastoral  drought
resilient, mixed systems
2. Bondo district, Sub-humid
Lake Zone sustainable,
productive aquatic and terrestrial
systems
1
2
3. Coastal zone: INRA pilot
Link across Lake
Victoria basin
•
Sumber: Sally Bunning. Land Management Officer, Land and Water Development Division, FAO of the UN
1a)Targets farmer groups, extension/facilitators
FFS
Resource
management
systems,
land & water,
Diversificationspecies, habitat
management
Soil health,
pollination,
aquaculture +
fishery
LInKS
•
Integrating AGBD in FFS activities in Bondo + Mwingi
1. Community appraisal of AGBD situation and awareness
2. CurricuIum development to improve understanding and
know-how on AGBD conservation and sustainable use
3. Farmer field schools for Promoting farmer
innovations, use of Indigenous knowledge and
Technology transfer on AGBD  to improve food and
livelihood security
4. Community Action - Research: Test and adapt
improved management practices, study plots,
demonstrations, innovation, experimentation, local
knowledge
5. Impact analysis on agro-ecosystems and livelihoods
6. Impact of markets- response to / increase options
Sumber: Sally Bunning. Land Management Officer, Land and Water Development Division, FAO of the UN
Identified General topics for FFS process
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Community resources management + impacts (species, habitats, etc.)
Changing customs and innovations (practices, by-laws, diet, recipes..)
Local conservation strategies; individual and communal
Effects of markets and market development
Ecological services e.g. pollination, beekeeping; soil health, water
Impact of cash crops (on systems, income, environment, security..)
IPM, safe use and beneficial insect species
Links with other actors (nutrition, health, business management etc.)
Drought resilient agropastoral
systems
• Genebank of local varieties
• Communal seed systems (storage)
• Effects of commercialised crops
• Drought resistant crops: sorghum
varieties; green gram; pigeon pea
• Resilient, productive systems (water
harvesting etc.)
•
Farming, fish farming and fisheries in
Lake Victoria basin
• Local vegetables (income, nutrition, ..)
• Alien species
• 2 fisheries scenarios: river (aquaculture)
and lake (catch)
• Upstream agric. and non-agricultural
practices affecting aquatic area
• Changes in aquatic area (not only fish)
• Conservation and use – e.g. products of
wild harvested spp.such as Papyrus
Sumber: Sally Bunning. Land Management Officer, Land and Water Development Division, FAO of the UN
1.b) Targets extension and technical staff
• Curriculum development – integrate
AGBD in training
• Training materials/ short courses
• Livelihood approaches- HIV/AIDS,
gender, nutrition
• Exchange between extension and
training
• Workshops with colleges
• Development of Case studies and
Policy briefs
1.b Integrating agrobiodiversity in
training institutions
Assessment of training institutes to
work with
Coordination with Ministry of Education
and KIE for teacher training, education,
etc.
- Identify gaps and opportunities in
existing curricula of selected training
institutes (e.g. Egerton + Baraka; Moi
Uni. (fisheries, UJK- pollinators);
Link with FFS for documentation, case
studies and practical experiences
Integrate human and biophysical
systems dimensions
FFS in Kenya
•
Sumber: Sally Bunning. Land Management Officer, Land and Water Development Division, FAO of the UN
AGBD 2: Improving access to information & knowledge
2.a Integrated natural resources assessment INRA (builds on
forest resources assessment)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Assess available information and needs (status and trends - land
use, habitat/species)
Develop and pilot inter-sectoral methodology (AGBD, land use,
land, water, other natural resources, ecosystem)
Identify indicator and tools (field survey, transects, RRAquestionnaire)
Capacity building (Participatory mapping and assessment; RS,
sampling,
Compatible data, database development and analysis)
Targets technical capacity & informed decision making by policy
makers/resource manager
Sumber: Sally Bunning. Land Management Officer, Land and Water Development Division, FAO of the UN
Improving access to information & knowledge
(cont.)
2.b) Information systems on alien species in fisheries and forestry
2c) Information on plant genetic resources for food an
agriculture
– Assess status of genetic resources with FFS
– Train people to collect and analyse data
– Improve the quality of information about PGRFA status and
dynamics
– Contribute to reporting commitment to State of World report on
PGRFA
– link with over 26 key PGR institutions
Targets: technical + extension level (Partners: Genebank, IPGRI..)
•
Sumber: Sally Bunning. Land Management Officer, Land and Water Development Division, FAO of the UN
2d) Research on Managing Seed Systems to promote the sustainable
utilization of crop genetic resources:
Two focus areas
1. Using markets to promote sustainable use of CGR
How to manage seed systems to promote sustainable agriculture,
improved farm welfare and in situ conservation of important crop
genetic diversity. Methodology development
– Case studies: Mali, Kenya, India, Mexico, Bolivia
2. Economic analysis of seed system impacts on farm welfare
and on farm diversity
Assessing the links between seed systems and farm level use of
crops and varieties and their implications for welfare and diversity
Case studies: Ethiopia (Sorghum, Wheat); Mozambique (cowpea) India
(Pearl Millet) Mexico (Maize) in partnership with IPGRI, ICRISAT, IFPRI,
and CIMMYT
•
Sumber: Sally Bunning. Land Management Officer, Land and Water Development Division, FAO of the UN
Encourage partnerships for institutional capacity
building & integrated NR management.
Multiple Partners are identified for synergy and collaboration
• Ministries of Agriculture and Livestock
• Departments: Resource survey and remote sensing; Fisheries and
forestry
• Ministry of Environment and Education
• technical bodies KARI, KEFRI, ICRAF,ITDG, JKU, ICRISAT, ILRI,
KEMFRI...
• Community level: District, FFS, Extension,
• Universities (Egerton, Moi, Jomo Kenyatta)
• Training colleges- teacher training, agriculture and forestry
• Partner organisations: ICRISAT, Bioversity, ITDG, CIKSAP, etc.
•
Sumber: Sally Bunning. Land Management Officer, Land and Water Development Division, FAO of the UN
Farmers’ studying ecology and
biodiversity, Farmer Field
School approaches
thank you for your
attention
•
Sumber: Sally Bunning. Land Management Officer, Land and Water Development Division, FAO of the UN
Case studies of Sustainable agriculture - enhancing
agricultural biodiversity
• Increased use of mixtures (intercropping, multistorey, agro-forestry,
crop-livestock systems)
• Access to a wide range of good quality genetic material (plant and
animal)
– Promote production of local germplasm and commercialization
– Promote decentralized and participatory breeding
• Improve use of genetic diversity as part of IPM strategies
• Monitor and identify underutilized species, support needs
• Develop sustainable management practices and post-harvest and
marketing methods;
• Stimulate demand for diverse local products (niche markets, labelling,
registration)
• Review and promote policies for development and use e.g. biodiversity
conseravtion and coping with climate change
•
Sumber: Sally Bunning. Land Management Officer, Land and Water Development Division, FAO of the UN
Soil biodiversity and its management
Managing termites and
organic mulch for soil
productivity by researchers
in Burkina Faso:
Surface mulch applied to
crusted soils was used to
stimulate termite feeding
and burrowing. This lead to
improved soil structures,
better aggregate formation,
and enhanced soil function.
Mixing and burrowing of
termites can be stimulated
by applying organic mulch
and their feeding can
promote soil regenerative
activities
•
I would like to refer to a case study in the Sahel region, an in
particular in Burkina Faso.
---Case study – Burkina Faso: « Managing termites and
organic resources to improve soil productivit in the Sahel »
http://www.fao.org/AG/AGL/agll/soilbiod/cases/caseA2.pdf
This is a case study in response to the call of the CBD Sec as
follow up to decision on agr-biod (FAO has assisted to compile
such studies)
The main purpose of this work was to evaluate the capacity of
termites to improve their ability to reduce soil compaction,
increase soil porosity and improve the water infiltration and
retention capabalities of the soil.
So as to encourage vegetative diversity and restoration of
primary productivity (all important issue for food and livelihood
security in teh Sahel)
--- other comments---not for presentation ..
« The capacity to enhance soil biological functions through a
better understanding of soil biodiversity process and
mechanims and improved land use systems and practices
have been seriously neglected.»
(Bennack et al., 2003)
»
However, an increasing number of case studies are showing
these mechanims and showing the types of data and
information from biodiversity observation with respect to soil
withinOfficer,
managed
Sumber: Sally Bunning. Land Management
Landecosystems.
and Water Development Division, FAO of the UN
From Microorganisms
e.g. bacteria + fungi
...Roots in the soil and
their interactions with
species above & below
ground
•
Soil Biodiversity
Micro & meso-fauna
protozoa,
nematodes to
acari & springtails
Macro-fauna e.g. ants,
termites, earthworms
Sumber: Sally Bunning. Land Management Officer, Land and Water Development Division, FAO of the UN
Managing Pollinators
Management practice:
In Himachal Pradesh in Northwest
Indian Himalayas farmers are
using colonies of honeybees – Apis
cerana and Apis mellifera for
pollination of apple crop.
•
 An organized system of hiring and
renting bee colonies for pollination
exists
Case study from the North Western Himalayas concerning pollination.
1) It is important to highlight that the focus of agriculture in the Him-region is slowly shifting
from traditional cereal crops for subsistence agriculture to high-value cash-crop farming
… (fruits)
2) Thus this shift poses new challenges related to the improving and maintaining productivity
and quality …
3) The study highlighted that a way to confront such challenge is through pollination … yet a
decline in pollinators was noticeable …
4) The causes of the decline are identified as related to
* Habitat fragmentation
- agricultural and industrial chemicals
- Parasites / diseases
- Introduction of alien species
- Taxonomic information
- Economic values
5)
A new Sally
management
practice
was then
developed/applied:
the hiring and
renting
bee
Sumber:
Bunning. Land
Management
Officer,
Land and Water Development
Division,
FAO
of the UN
Results: Impact of Apis cerana pollination on fruit productivity
Crop
Increase in Increase in
fruit set (%) fruit weight
(%)
Increase in fruit size
(length/ diameter)
(%)
Reference
Apple
10
33
15/10
Peach
22
44
29/23
Dulta and Verma,
1987
Partap et al, 2000
Plum
13
39
11/14
Partap et al, 2000
Citrus
24
35
9/35
Partap, 2000a
Strawberry
112
48
Misshapen fruit
decreased by 50%
Partap 2000b
Also reduced premature fruit drop in apple, peach, plum, and citrus.
These are some of the results highlighting the improvement in productivity and quality of the
cash-crop (which then in turns is an improvement in terms of economic value)
The study emphasised the need to conserve pollinators populations (and also the diversity) so
as to ensure pollination ... By taking into consideration the factors behind the decline of
pollinators …the study also highlighted the importance of biodiversity observations so as to
maintain pollinators population and thus ensure pollination
•
-MONITORING
of the resources (cash crop yields and quality)
of the pollinators (population and diversity)
the habitat
/ LUC
Sumber: Sally Bunning. Land Managementof
Officer,
Land and
Water Development Division, FAO of the UN
Targeting farmers: Increasing Farmer Access to Germplasm
and Information
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
•
Information, and seed exchange between farmers slow
Access to research generated germplasm poor
Participatory breeding with farmers’ organizations
Joint activities for improved information sharing
Test new options for seed dissemination
Sumber: Sally Bunning. Land Management Officer, Land and Water Development Division, FAO of the UN
Case studies/opportunities for Sustainable
pastoralism
• Controlled burning by pastoralists can improve forage quality and
diversification of vegetation structure and species composition (trees,
shrubs, perennials, annuals)
• Livestock grazing and crop-livestock integration can improve nutrient cycling
and make better use of fragile resources/ ecosystems
• Livestock wildlife interaction: management of animal movements, stocking
rates, control of incompatible cultivation by farmers; herders protect grazing
wildlife from predators
• Settled herders creates long-lasting nutrient hotspots (kraals; fields)
• Intensification and fragmentation of rangelands seems to cause a LOSS in
livestock production (may need to rethink ranching, sedentarisation)
Challenges - control of livestock numbers: use of common property resources;
prestige, savings, security, culture Improvement of pasture and rangelands
•
Sumber: Sally Bunning. Land Management Officer, Land and Water Development Division, FAO of the UN
Minimizing impacts of farming practices on wild biodiversitymaking best use of resources
Gramminae Conservation through Sustainable management and Use
Thatching,
Busia
Practices are part of the wider agricultural system. This takes two main
District
forms:
• on-farm
-strips of uncultivated land, ‘hedgerows’ of grass and bush, fallow land,
fenced graminae-rich plots…
• off-farm
- management of community grazing lands, seasonal wetlands, rocky
outcrops and hillsides, sacred sites…
-controlled burning
• traditional uses and skills
Sumber: Sally Bunning. Land Management Officer, Land and Water Development Division, FAO of the UN
Case studies/Opportunities for Sustainable intensification
Sustainable management practices: controlled burning and grazing, woodlots for energy and
timber, field borders/hedges, crop-livestock-forestry interactions are key to maintaining diverse
habitats and landscapes that support biodiversity
Human management of ecosystems may increase species diversity
– semiarid savannas: managed pasture, control invasive forest and shrub species,
harvesting, gathering and planting
– diversified agro-silvo-pastoral systems
– multi-layer farming systems: trees, perennials- banana, coffee, annuals)
Planned settlements/roads: reduces lands with potential, avoid biodiversity hotspots,
environmentally-friendly (green belt, trees, etc.)
Protected areas, buffer zones, specific action to safeguard those groups and species that are
more sensitive to human use than others, to allow hunting and gathering and in situ
conservation of landraces/farmers varieties/breeds
Land use planning by communities and sub-catchments to promote biodiversity. Vary land use
type with soil type, terrain, microclimate, access to water. Patchwork of settlements, cropland,
pasture, forestland, and protected areas.
Regulations : stocking density, seasonality, quotas, user groups, etc.
Sumber: Sally Bunning. Land Management Officer, Land and Water Development Division, FAO of the UN
Sustainability - adaptation to change and enhancing
systems’ resilience
1. Supporting the ability of farmers to remain agile in
responding to new challenges, by adapting their production
system
2. Resilience or adaptive capacity are properties of the actors
and the system in which they function
3. Resilience may indicate a return to the status quo.
Agility/adaptability refers to continuously moving
targets/changing situations
4. Need to sustain use and sustain adaptive capacity to
increase probability of meeting future needs
Sumber: Sally Bunning. Land Management Officer, Land and Water Development Division, FAO of the UN
FAO Roles of Agriculture Project
Premise 1: Agriculture provides multiple non-commodity outputs that are not
valued by market transactions  may be under-produced relative to what
society desires.
Premise 2: As income rises (socio-economic/agricultural development), the
economic importance of the commodity outputs of agriculture decreases in
relative terms, and willingness to pay for its other roles increases
Policy challenge
to Address Externalities (costs or benefits not valued in the market and not
adequately taken into account by actor/decision maker)
to Safeguard Common Resources/Public Goods (rules of access and use;
mechanisms for collective action to prevent degradation, under / over use)
to Integrate natural resources management /ecosystem approach (resources,
and their products, are interlinked, management /policy measures for one
resource/sector affects the others
to Create resource/ecosystem friendly markets that generate growth and
promote sustainable use/management of resources and ecosystems.
Studies conducted in Ethiopia, Ghana, Mali, South Africa, Morocco
•
Sumber: Sally Bunning. Land Management Officer, Land and Water Development Division, FAO of the UN
Peranan Pertanian
ENVIRONMENTAL
EXTERNALITIES
Global:
 Ecosystem resilience
Climate change mitigation
(C, land cover)
Biodiversity
Regional/National:
 Ecosystem resilience
 Watershed mgmt
(prevent soil erosion & offsite impacts)
 Water (stable regime;
flood prevention)
 Biodiversity
 plant + animal genetic
resources; services
 wild spp.+ wildlife
conservation
Air quality (reduce GHG)
Local:
 Ecosystem resilience
 Biodiversity
 farmed spp., associated
spp., ecosystem functions
 NRM- soil+ water
conservation
 Pollution control
•
SOCIAL VIABILITY
Equity; Stability
Global:
Social stability
Poverty Alleviation
Regional/National:
 Rural-urban
migration (social
implications)
 Welfare systems
substitute
 Social capital
formation
Biodiversity: diverse
livelihoods
Local:
Social stability of rural
community
 Rural employment
 Family values, gender
impact.
Bodiversity-coping
strategies; risk mgmt
FOOD SECURITY
CULTURAL ROLE
POVERTY ALLEVIATION
Gender; Heritage; IK
Global:
Economic Growth
Poverty alleviation
World Food Security
Regional/National:
 Access to food
 National security
 Food safety
 support in times of
crises (remittances,
migration, fiscal support,
food aid)
Local:
Local / household food
security
 Biodiversity: nutrition; pest
+ disease control, options
 Sustainability
Employment
 Income  services
Sumber: Sally Bunning. Land Management Officer, Land and Water Development Division, FAO of the UN
Global:
Cultural Diversity
Indigenous Knowledge
Regional/ National:
 Cultural heritage
 Cultural identity
 Perception of roles
of agriculture
Local:
 Landscape,
recreation, tourism
 Indigenous knowledge
(disaster prevention,
biodiversity, medicinal
applications)
Traditional technology.
Targeting Communities livelihoods and nutrition through
local agrobiodiversity
Peluang-peluang Pasar
1. Premium price for local products
2. Increased productivity of landraces (improved seed quality; crop rotations;
water harvesting
3. Add-value products (fruit and milk processing)
4. Production of herbs, medicinal plants, honey (bee keeping)
5. Handicrafts and Ecotourism
Diversitas dan Peluang Gizi:
1. Dietary energy supply can be satisfied without diversity but micronutrient supply cannot (e.g. essential fatty acids; amino acids)
2. Wild and domesticated species and intra-species diversity play key
roles in global food security
3. Different species/varieties have very different nutrient contents
•
Sumber: Sally Bunning. Land Management Officer, Land and Water Development Division, FAO of the UN
Understanding impacts/implications of
HIV/AIDS on agro-biodiversity
HIV/AIDS impact on PGR?
Less labour
Reduction in land
cultivated
Reduction in crop
range and variety
Loss of knowledge
Less labour intensive crops
Kehilangan diversitas genetik
•
Sumber: Sally Bunning. Land Management Officer, Land and Water Development Division, FAO of the UN
Catchments: support linkages/relation between ‘upland land users (providers’ of
ES) and lowland land + water users (beneficiaries)
land
users
biodiversity and
landscape beauty
environmental
service
providers
water quantity,
quality and flow
land management
reduce threats –
SWC, IPM etc
terrestrial C storage
dynamic landscape
change in space and time
natural capital and
properties- territory
environmental
service
beneficiaries
users
Sumber: Sally Bunning. Land Management Officer, Land and Water Development Division, FAOwater
of the UN
Mainstreaming biodiversity for sustainable agriculture and food
security
Programmes, Institutions and Capacity Building
•
Multi-sectoral approaches: agricultural, environmental, land, water, community
development, planning and finance (coordination; committees).
•
Mainstreaming in national programmes (poverty alleviation, gender)
•
Land use planning at community and watershed levels (landscape; habitat dimensions)
•
Supporting on farm management
•
Networks : e.g. plant genetic resources, research + development
•
Participatory assessment, monitoring and early warning systems
•
Information systems (threatened resources, threats etc)
•
Training and education: curricula, adult education, extension, gender
•
Raising awareness of importance (value) - public, private sector decision makers (local
media, schools, etc)
•
Sumber: Sally Bunning. Land Management Officer, Land and Water Development Division, FAO of the UN
Agriculture-environment collaboration – identify synergy,
mutual benefits
BiodiversityAgriculture
Productivity
Adaptation
Maintenance of ecosystem
functions
Agriculture
Biodiversity
Delivery of ecosystem
services
Incentives
Ecological knowledge
It is an important issue in order to understand
the needs of the natural resources
management communities …
Biodiversity benefits agricultural/managed
ecosystems
-productivity: conservation management of broadbased genetic diversity within domesticated
species has been improving agricultural
production for 10000 years;
-Adaptation: a diverse range of organisms
contributes to the resilience of agricultural
ecosystems and their capacity to recover from
environmental stress and to evolve.
-Maintenance of ecosystem functions: essential
functions ….
Agricultural/managed ecosystems benefits
biodiversity
Sumber: Sally Bunning. Land Management Officer, Land and Water Development Division, FAO of the UN
The National Agricultural Biodiversity
Programme in Lao
NATIONAL AGRICULTURAL
BIODIVERSITY PROGRAMME
CROP AND
CROP
ASSOCIATED
BIODIVERSITY
LIVESTOCK
DEVELOPMENT
AND
MANAGEMENT
NON-TIMBER
FOREST
PRODUCTS AND
OTHER
TERRESTRIAL
BIODIVERSITY
SUSTAINABLE
USE AND
CONSERVATION
OF AQUATIC
BIODIVERSITY
HOUSEHOLDBASED
INTEGRATED
AGRICULTURE
PRODUCTION
SYSTEMS
INTEGRATED PARTICIPATORY PLANNING APPROACHES
MANAGEMENT ARRANGEMENTS
•
Sumber: Sally Bunning. Land Management Officer, Land and Water Development Division, FAO of the UN
FAO Agro-biodiversity Publications
• Biodiversity Awareness Folder (series of flyers/fact sheets e.g. Why is
Biodiversity Important for the Maintenance of Agro-ecosystem
Functions?
• Publication Biodiversity and the Ecosystem Approach in
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, 2003, case studies developed
with partners htttp://www.fao.org/biodiversity_en.asp
• Powerpoint presentations prepared forCGRFA-10 Side event Case
studies of Mainstreaming agrobiodiversity for food security
(November 2004)
• distributed Publications: Valuing crop biodiversity and Beyond
the Gene Horizon (prepoared with IPGRI, now Bioversity)
http://www.fao.org/biodiversity/doc_en.asp
•
Sumber: Sally Bunning. Land Management Officer, Land and Water Development Division, FAO of the UN