Biomolecules
Another name for a Biomolecule is a Macromolecule.
Macromolecules are Large Molecules within the cells.
They are made from thousands of smaller molecules.
A.) Polymers- larger compounds
B.) Monomers- smaller compounds
C.)Polymerization- building of large compounds by joining
smaller ones.
(Analogous Ex: cars of a train linked together to make the train
as a whole)
Cars= monomers
Train= polymer
Student Notes
Using your knowledge of Root Words,
explain how the terms Biomolecule and
Macromolecule are related.
Student notes
Get with a partner next to you, without
getting out of your seat.
Come up with an example of monomers
and polymers, other than the train!!
4 major biomolecules
• 1.) Carbohydrates (sugars/starches)
• 2.) Proteins ( amino acids)
• 3.) Lipids (fats,oils,waxes,steroids)
• 4.) Nucleic Acids (DNA,RNA)
Student page
Write down everything that you
have eaten today, you can also
include what you have had to
drink.
Student Notes p. 5
Without looking at your notes:
1. Give an example of a monomer and a
polymer and label each one.
2. Name which macromolecule you would
need the most for running a marathon.
3. What types of food would you eat before
the marathon?
# 1--Carbohydrates
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“Fast Fuel”- sugars & starches
Sugar molecules made of C, H, & O
Made in a 1:2:1 ratio
C6H12O6
Two types of Sugars:
Monosaccharides and Disaccharides
Monosaccharides
• simple sugars:
• A.) glucose- “blood sugar”  energy
for cellular respiration
• B.) galactose- sugar in milk & yogurt
• C.) fructose- sugar found in honey
• all 3 have same molecular structure
(C6H12O6) but different structural formulas
or shapes.
Disaccharides
• Are Monosaccharides covalently bonded
together
• 3 Common Disaccharides
• A.) sucrose (table sugar)= glucose +fructose
• B.) lactose (sugar in milk) =glucose + galactose
• C.) maltose= (product of starch digestion)= glucose
+ glucose
Starches
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Polysaccharides = starches
Starches are polymers of glucose
A.) amylose
B.) amylopectin
• Sugars are soluble in water
• Starches are insoluble in water
Student Notes
Explain the difference between a
monosaccharide, a disaccharide,
and a polysaccharide.
Draw and label the molecular
structure of each type of
carbohydrate
Structural formula for
Carbohydrates
Student page 9
Make a chart of the
3 types of carbohydrates
Monosaccharides
(simple sugar)
Disaccharides
(simple sugar)
Polysaccharides
(starch)
1.
1.
1.
2.
2.
2.
3.
3.
#2--Proteins
Many structures/Many functions
Proteins are made up of nitrogen,
carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.
Formed from monomers called amino
acids.
Role of Proteins
Each protein has a specific role ,such as:
*A. regulating cell processes
*B. controlling the rate of reactions
(movement)
*C. forming muscles or bones (structural
support)
*D. transporting substances into or out of cells
*E. fighting disease (against foreign
substances)
Student Notes
Choose one of the functions of
the proteins.
What would happen if the protein that
controlled that function stopped working?
Write your answer in a complete
sentence!!
Amino Acid Molecular Structure
*compounds with an amino group (-NH2)
on one end and a carboxyl group (-COOH)
on the other end with a side chain called
an “R-group”
#3---Lipids
*made mostly from carbon and
hydrogen atoms.
*Generally not soluble in water.
(hydrophobic)
*Consist of fats, oils and waxes, also
steroids.
Uses of Lipids
**Used to store energy.*
**Some are important parts of biological
membranes and waterproof coverings.
**Protection
**Formed when glycerol joins a fatty acid
group.
st
1
Study the
Ten Latin Root
Words with your partner at your
table for the next 5 minutes
Student Notes
Who do you think stores more fat in their
bodies, Men or Women?
Explain your answer in complete
sentences!!
Structure of a Lipid
Types of Lipids
Saturated fats- all carbons have the
maximum number of hydrogens attached to
them.
Usually are solid at room temperature (lard,
Crisco.)
Unsaturated fats- contain at least one
carbon-carbon double covalent bond.
Usually are liquid at room temperature (cooking
oils.)
#4--Nucleic Acids
*made up of hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen,
carbon and phosphorus
*Formed from monomers called
nucleotides.
*Nucleotides- made up of a 5-carbon
sugar, a phosphate group and a
nitrogenous base.
*Store and transmit hereditary or genetic
information.
Nucleotide
Types of Nucleic Acids
RNA-ribonucleic acid,
contains the sugar ribose.
DNA-deoxyribonucleic acid,
contains the sugar deoxyribose.