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Chapter 6

The 4 main elements of life are:
Oxygen (65%)
 Carbon
(19%)
 Hydrogen (10%)
 Nitrogen
(3%)


Any molecule
that contains
carbon and
hydrogen and
is made by a
living organism


What does carbon
need to become
more stable?
What kind of
chemical bonds
will it form?
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An organic compound made up of carbon,
hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio.
Function: major source of energy for ALL
cells on Earth. When “carbs” are broken
down during digestion, a great deal of
chemical energy is released.
Good short-term energy source

Examples: Pasta, bread, potatoes, rice
1.
2.
3.
Monosaccharides – Single or simple sugars
Disaccharides – Double sugars
Polysaccharides – Long chains of glucose
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Smallest of the sugars – often called
refined sugars, they are either simple or
single sugars.
Building blocks or monomers for larger
carbs called polysaccharides.
Chemical Formula = C6H12O6 (1:2:1 Ratio)
3 Common Monosaccharides:
a.
b.
c.
Glucose (made by green plants)
Galactose (sugar in beets and dairy products)
Fructose (fruit sugar)
Glucose
Fructose
Galactose



Transport sugars in plants (carpooling!)
Made from bonding two monosaccharides
 dehydration synthesis (Double sugars)
Chemical Formula = C12H22O11 Why?
a.
b.
c.
Sucrose = fructose + glucose (table sugar)
Maltose = glucose + glucose (malt sugar)
Lactose = galactose + glucose (milk sugar)


Made from bonding three or more
monosaccharides, usually glucose.
Used for short-term energy storage and
structural support in plants.
a.
b.
c.
Starches – energy storage in plants
Cellulose – structure of wood and cell walls
(indigestible fiber or roughage in human diet.)
Glycogen - animal storage in liver and muscle
cells
1.
Dehydration Synthesis - (or Condensation)
1.
Hydrolysis – Add water and split apart

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
Combining two or more monomers
(monosaccharides) to form polymers
(disaccharides/polysaccharides)
Dehydration = remove water
Synthesis = making or putting together
C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 = C12H22O11 + H2O


The splitting apart of polymers to form
monomers
Hydrolysis = Add water and split apart
(Opposite of Condensation)
C12H22O11 + H2O = C6H12O6 + C6H12O6

Digestion is a good example of hydrolysis.


Hydrophobic molecules that do not dissolve
in water
Main functions:
 Cell membranes – creates a barrier
between cells and their environment.
 Long-term energy storage in plants –
lipids can store twice as much energy as
carbohydrates - Fat hummingbirds?
 Insulation and organ protection – Cold
water animals


Lipids are mainly composed of carbon,
and hydrogen, with a little oxygen
Most lipids are molecules called
triglycerides which are made from one
glycerol and three fatty acids.
 Fatty acids are long chains of hydrogen
and carbon (hydrocarbon chains) and
are not soluble in water (non-polar)
Saturated




Solids at room temperature = (fats)
Mainly produced by animals
Examples: butter and lard
Cardiovascular Disease – heart attacks
Unsaturated (Poly- and Mono-unsaturated)




Liquids at room temperature = (oils)
Usually produced by plants
Examples: corn oil, olive oil, peanut oil
Generally more healthy for you 
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Large molecules that contain H, C, O, N,
and sometimes S (but NOT Phosphorus)
Building blocks or raw materials for
making new organelles and cells (Growth
and repair)
Made up of subunits or monomers called
amino acids, which bond to form long
folded polypeptide chains
Contractile proteins that make muscles
contract – body movement
 Hemoglobin (in red blood cells)
transports oxygen to body cells
 Keratin makes up your hair and
fingernails
 Hormones like insulin – blood sugar
 Antibodies fight off infections
 Collagen keeps your skin young and
healthy


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It is the order or arrangement of the
amino acids that determines the type of
protein
STEAM…
There are 20 amino acids used to make
proteins (compare to English language)

Enzymes: a special group of proteins
that speed up the rate of chemical
reactions in your body.
 They are catalysts that control all
metabolic processes
 Used to either build or break down
molecules. Ex. Digestive enzymes in
your stomach.


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Energy or information storing molecules
that are made from monomers called
nucleotides.
Nucleotides often bond together to make
long chains (DNA and RNA)
Nucleotides have 3 parts – a 5-carbon
sugar, a nitrogenous base, and a
phosphate group (PO4)
1.
DNA (DeoxyriboNucleic Acid)


2.
Two polynucleotide strands woven together
in a double helix.
Function: stores and uses genetic
information for metabolism and heredity
RNA (RiboNucleic Acid)


Single stranded polynucleotide
Function: helps ribosomes make proteins,
acts as an enzyme for protein synthesis
1.
2.
3.
ATP
RNA
ATP (Adenosine TriPhosphate)
 A single modified nucleotide
 It has 3 phosphates with special highenergy bonds
 Function: universal energy carrier
molecule for all cells on Earth!