ORGANIC MACROMOLECULES
Macromolecule means “Giant Molecule”
•Organic macromolecules are based on the “skeleton”
of carbon
•Life is based on Carbon for two reasons
1. Carbon is abundant in nature
2. Carbon has the ability to bond with itself and
many other elements due to having only four
electrons in its highest occupied energy level.
•
Carbon bonding
Polymerization
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Macromolecules are built by linking smaller
molecules (monomers) into long chains (polymers)
Monomers combine by disconnecting from some of
the hydrogen and oxygen atoms between them
After the monomers bond, the excess oxygen and
hydrogen atoms combine forming a water molecule
Since the bonding process releases water, we call it
a dehydration reaction.
Polymerization
Press Pause, Think, and Share
Think about the following…
1)
2)
3)
What is a macromolecule?
How many bonds can carbon
form?
What is the relationship
between monomers and
polymers?
Share with your team what you
think.
What did you discuss?
What is a macromolecule?
A large molecule made of several smaller molecules
How many bonds can carbon form?
4 because it only has 4 electrons in it’s outer shell.
What is the relationship between monomers and
polymers?
Monomers bond together to form polymers
Press Pause, Think, and Write


1)
2)
3)
Write down what was
important?
Be sure to include…
What a
macromolecule is?
How many bonds can
carbon form?
What the relationship
between monomers
and polymers is?
Types of Macromolecules
•Carbohydrates:
•Sugars and Starches
•Lipids:
•Fats and Oils
•Proteins:
•Muscle tissue
•Enzymes
•Nucleic Acids:
•Microscopic genetic material/DNA(we’ll talk about this
more later)
Carbohydrates:
Monosaccharides
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Carbohydrates are used for energy
The monomers of carbohydrates is a simple sugar
C6H12O6.
These simple sugars are called monosaccharides
All monosaccharides have the same molecular formula
just different shapes
Examples
1.
2.
3.
Glucose
Fructose
Galactose
Examples of Monosaccharides
Carbohydrates:
Disaccharides
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Disaccharide= double sugar
They are made by joining two monosaccharides
Examples
1.
2.
3.
Sucrose: table sugar
Maltose: gain sugar
Lactose: milk sugar
Example
Carbohydrates:
Polysaccharides
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Polysaccharide= many sugars
This is a long chain of monosaccharides
Examples:
1.
2.
Starch: Grain foods
Cellulose: Plant fibers
Press Pause, Think, and Share
Think about the following…
1)
2)
3)
What is the general structure of
a carbohydrate?
What are the three types of
carbohydrates and describe
their structure?
What are the functions of
carbohydrates in living things?
Share with your team what you
think.
What did you discuss?
What is the general structure of a carbohydrate
C6H12O6
What are the three types of carbohydrates and
describe their structure?
Monosaccharide= 1 sugar
Disaccharide= 2 sugars
Polysaccharide= 3 or more sugars
What are the functions of carbohydrates in living
things?
Provides energy
Press Pause, Think, and Write


1)
2)
3)
Write down what was
important?
Be sure to include…
What is the general
structure of a
carbohydrate?
What are the three types
of carbohydrates and
describe their structure?
What are the functions of
carbohydrates in living
things?
Lipids
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Lipids are made mostly of carbon and hydrogen and
oxygen
Water-avoiding molecules= hydrophobic
Lipids are used in three ways
Long term energy storage
 Cushion of organs
 Skeleton of plasma membrane around cells
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Consist of two monomers bonded together
1.
2.
Glycerol
Fatty acids (contains hydrocarbon chains)
Lipids
Types of Lipids
Unsaturated: liquid at room
temperature
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If there is at least on
carbon to carbon bond that
is a double bond in a fatty
acid chain.
Saturated: solid at room
temperature
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When each carbon atom in
the fatty acid chain is
joined to another carbon
by a single bond.
Press Pause, Think, and Share
Think about the following…
1)
2)
3)
What are the two monomers
that make up lipids?
How are saturated and
unsaturated lipids different?
What are the functions of lipids
in living things?
Share with your team what you
think.
What did you discuss?
What are the two monomers that make up lipids?
Glycerol and fatty acids
How are saturated and unsaturated lipids different?
Saturated lipids are solid at room temperature and have
the maximum number of hydrogen atoms bonded to the
carbon atoms.
Unsaturated lipids are liquid at room temperature and
have a double or triple bond on the carbon atoms.
What are the functions of lipids in living things?
Long term energy storage and cushion for organs
Skeleton for plasma membrane in cells
Proteins
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Proteins contain nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen and
carbon
Extremely long polymers of monomers called amino
acids
Responsible for almost all of our day to day
functions
 Used
for muscles, act as hormones and enzymes, and
do much of the work inside body cells
Building a Protein
Amino acids are linked together in a chain
called a polypeptide
•The polypeptides are precisely twisted, folded.
And coiled into a unique shape
•
Proteins up close and personal
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All amino acids have
three of the central
carbon's partners the
same and then of side
group that is different
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The amino acids
combine to form
polypeptides which
then fold into precise
shapes
Press Pause, Think, and Share
Think about the following…
1)
2)
3)
What are the monomers for
proteins
What is the relationship
between an amino acid,
polypeptide, and protein?
What are the functions of
proteins in living things?
Share with your team what you
think.
What did you discuss?
What are the monomers for proteins
Amino acids
What is the relationship between an amino acid,
polypeptide, and protein?
Amino acids are linked together in a chain called a
polypeptide. The polypeptides are precisely twisted,
folded. And coiled into a unique shape forming the
protein
What are the functions of proteins in living things?
Used for muscles, act as hormones and enzymes, and do
much of the work inside body cells
Nucleic Acids
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Monomer= Nucleotides
 Nucleotides
have three parts
 Sugar
 Phosphate
group
 Nitrogen Base
Nucleic Acids
Many nucleotides come together to form the
polymer nucleic acids
 Examples= RNA and DNA
Functions= Hold our genetic
information
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WHY DOES THIS HAPPEN?
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Bananas turn brown when
left outside after a while
because certain chemicals
in the fruit react with the
oxygen in the air by
destroying cells, creating
that icky brown color.
An Enzyme speeds this
reaction up!
Enzymes
Unique type of protein
 Speeds up chemical reactions by lowering the
energy needed to start the chemical reaction
(activation energy)
 Specific shape for specific reactions
 Can be used over and over again
Watch animation
http://www.lpscience.fatcow.com/jwanamaker/animat
ions/Enzyme%20activity.html
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Let’s Recap
Macromolecule
Structure (Monomer)
Function
Carbohydrate
Monosaccharide C6H12O6
• Short-term energy
Lipids
Glycerol and Fatty Acids
• Energy storage
• Cushion for organs
• Barriers
Proteins
Amino acids
• Muscles
• Speeds up chemical
reactions (enzymes)
• Transports things
• Makes hormones