QOD 10/05/11
• What is an organic compound?
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
The Role of Carbon
6 p+
6n
• Some info on Carbon:
–
–
–
–
Atomic # 6
6 protons
6 electrons
The most common isotope is Carbon-12, which has 6
neutrons
The Role of Carbon
• Compounds containing Carbon are called
organic compounds
• Carbon can bond 4 times with other
atoms
• Carbon is unique in its ability to form
long chains through bonding.
Polymerization
Process of combining 2 or more
monomers to form complex
polymers.
Polymerization
• Large compounds are made by joining
smaller compounds.
– Monomers- “one part” join to form
polymers
– Polymer- “many part”
Macromolecules
•
•
•
Extremely large polymers are called
macromolecules- “huge molecules”
There are 4 types found in living things:
1) Carbohydrates
2) Lipids
2) Proteins
3) Nucleic acids
Macromolecules have specific functional
groups, which give them their characteristics
Functional Groups
• Groups on a molecule that influence the characteristics
of the molecule they compose and the chemical
reactions the molecule undergoes.
• These can be added to Carbon chains to make them react
differently
• Examples:
– Hydroxyl
– Carboxyl
– Amino
– Phosphate
Macromolecules
1) Carbohydrates- made of only carbon, hydrogen, and
oxygen
– Monomers are monosaccharides
2) Lipids- made of only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
– Monomers are fatty acids
3) Proteins-made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and
nitrogen
– Monomers are amino acids
4) Nucleic acids- Made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen,
nitrogen, and phosphorus
– Monomers are nucleotides
Carbohydrates
• Sugars and starches
• Consist of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
• 2 hydrogen atoms for each oxygen atom
– (2:1 ratio)
• Types of carbohydrates:
– Monosaccharides- “single sugars”
– Disaccharides- “double sugars”
– Polysaccharides- “many sugars”
Carbohydrates
• The bonds between carbon contain a lot of
energy
• Your body breaks down these bonds to
release energy
• Carbohydrates provide energy for
organisms
Monosaccharides
• These are the monomers of carbohydrates
• Also called Simple sugars. Examples:
– Glucose- sugar made by green plants
– Fructose- sugar in fruits
– Galactose- found in milk
Disaccharide
• Two monosaccharides bond together form a
disaccharide
Polysaccharides
Formed by joining many
monosaccharides.
Organisms store excess
sugar as polysaccharides.
In animals, hundreds to
thousands of Glucose
monomers are combined
and Glycogen is stored in
the body.
When we need energy, our
bodies break apart the
polysaccharides
Polysaccharides
Starch- plants
store excess sugar
Cellulose
as starch
Cellulose- found
in plants; provides
strength and
rigidity.
Starch
QOD 10/06/11
• What are the monomers for the
following polymers?
–Glycogen
–Cellulose
–Starch
Lipids
• Lipids are large, nonpolar
molecules (hydrophobic)
• They contain mainly Carbon,
Hydrogen, and Oxygen
– The ratio of hydrogen to
oxygen is much greater
than 2:1
Lipids
Functions of Lipids
store energy in (C-H) bonds- non-polar! (fats)
Form biological membranes (phospholipids)
Chemical messengers (steroids)
Provide protective covering (waxes)
Structure of Fatty Acids
Fatty-acids- long straight chains of hydrogen and
carbon atoms that have a carboxyl group (COOH) attached.
3 classes of lipids contain fatty acidsTriglycerids
Phospholipids
Waxes
Saturated vs. Unsaturated Fatty Acids
Saturated Fatty Acids contains single bonds between
every carbon.
It contains the maximum possible number of
hydrogen atoms and only single bonds between
carbon atoms
Lipids that contain saturated fatty acids are called
saturated fats
Saturated vs. Unsaturated Fatty Acids
Unsaturated Fatty Acids contain at least one
pair of carbons bonded by a double bond.
Does NOT contains the maximum possible number
of hydrogen atoms
Triglycerides
3 fatty-acid
molecules and one
glycerol molecule
combined will
produce triglcerides
Glycerol has an
alcohol functional
group (-OH)
Saturated vs. Unsaturated
Triglycerides
• Saturated triglycerides have high
melting points and will be solid at
room temperature
– Butter for example
• Unsaturated triglycerides have low
melting points and will be liquid at
room temperature
– Olive or Veggie Oil for example
Phospholipids
Phospholipids- made of
hydrophilic and
hydrophobic parts. (water
loving and hating)
– Made of 2 fatty acids
and 1 glycerol
– Also contains a
phosphate group on the
glycerol
– Important in membrane
structures
Waxes
• Wax is a type of
structural lipid that
consists of a long
fatty acid chain
joined to a long
alcohol chain
– It is waterproof
– Forms a protective
coat on plant leaves
Steroids
• Steroids are composed
of 4 fused carbon rings
with various functional
groups attached to them.
– Animal hormones,
like testosterone are
steroids
– Cholesterol is a steroid
needed for cells to
function properly
QOD 10/07/11
• What is the main function of
carbs?
Proteins
Proteins- organic molecules made of
nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Hairs, horns, nails, skin, muscles, and
enzymes made of proteins
Proteins are polymers of amino acids…
Amino Acids
Amino acid- the building blocks (monomers) of proteins
Made of an amino group (NH3) on one end and a
carboxylic acid group (COOH) on the other.
There are 20 different amino acids
They differ only in the “R” group
Examples of amino acids
• Circle the different R groups in the diagram
Peptide Bonds
• Bonds between protein monomers (amino
acids) are called peptide bonds
2 amino acids
is a
dipeptide bond
3 or more
amino acids
Is a
polypeptide
chain
Functions of protein
•
•
•
•
•
Carry out chemical reactions- enzymes
Pump molecules in and out of cells
Defensive (antibodies)
Structural- collagen, keratin
Transport- hemoglobin
Protein Structure
• Proteins are VERY long chains of
amino acids, but they ARE NOT
usually straight
– Different parts of the chain
interact (like some parts
hydrogen bond) and it twists,
bends, folds, and compacts.
– Each protein has a specific
structure and shape
– Heat and changes in pH can
destroy the shape and then the
protein will no longer function
Enzymes
• Most enzymes are catalysts
in living organisms
– Catalysts- substances
that speed up the rate of a
reaction, but do not
change as a result of the
reaction
– There are many kinds of
enzymes, each has a
different purpose in an
organism
Enzymes
Enzyme animation
http://www.lewport.w
nyric.org/jwanamaker/
animations/Enzyme%
20activity.html
1. Why do organisms need enzymes?
•
Reactions occur very slow on their own
2. How are enzymes specific?
–
–
Most enzymes are proteins.
Enzymes, like all proteins, have a specific shape
and that specific shape allows them to work only
on certain molecules
Enzymes
3. Why can enzymes be reused?
•
They are not changed in the chemical reaction
4. What is denaturing and how does it
happen?
–
–
Heat and pH changes can destroy the shape,
If this occurs it is called denaturing
(destroying the shape) and the enzyme can no
longer function
Nucleic Acids
• Nucleic acids - large organic molecules made up of
carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorous
atoms.
– They are made of nucleotides (monomer)
RNA vs DNA
2 Types of Nucleic Acids
• DNA- deoxyribonucleic acid
– Deoxyribose is the sugar
• RNA- ribonucleic acid
– Ribose is the sugar
• The functions of them are to store and transmit
genetic information.