Final Exam Review / SPANISH 2
TOPICS TO BE COVERED ON THE FINAL TEST
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
PRETERITE
IMPERATIVE
PRESENT PROGRESIVE
PRESENT
FUTURE
CONDITIONAL
REGULAR AND IRREGULAR VERBS CONJUGATION:
TOCAR, DORMIRSE, ANDAR, DECIR, JUGAR, HACER, ESTUDIAR, QUERER, VIAJAR, SALIR,
PODER, DEBER, TENER, DECIR,
STEM CHANGERS
O – UE: DORMIR, VOLVER, PODERJUGAR
I – IE: PENSAR, PREFERIR, QUERER, CERRAR, EMPEZAR
CHANGE ONLY YO FORM: HACER, PONER, TENER, DECIR, OIR,SALIR
1.
PRET ERI T E
1. Regular verbs: past tense endings
Preterite
–AR
–ER / –IR
–é
–amos
–í
–imos
–aste
–asteis
–iste
–isteis
–ó
–aron
–ió
–ieron
Imperfect
–AR
–ER / –IR
–aba
–ábamos
–ía
–íamos
–abas
–abais
–ías
–íais
–aba
–aban
–ía
–ían
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2. Irregular verbs: stem and spelling changes in the
preterite
E to I Stem Change
You already know that many of the verbs in the preterite have stem changes.
They changed from an e in the root (the part before the endings) to an i, but
only in the third person.
Here is a list of verbs following E to I stem changes:
Pedir
(to ask for something)
despedirse to say goodbye
repetir
to repeat
servir
to serve
pedir
to ask for
seguir
to follow
preferir
to prefer
mentir
to lie
conseguir
to get
E—IE Stem Change Let’s have a look!
Leer (to read)
caerse
leer
construir
destruir
oir
contribuir
influir
creer
to fall down
to read
to construct
to destroy
to hear
to contribute
to influence
to believe
3. Two more irregular forms: U and J
There are certain verbs that include a u in their stem change and they have an
unique irregular root that stays consistent throughout the forms (i.e. estar—
estuv). The endings are all the same (doesn’t matter if the verbs was –er, -ar, or
-ir) and accents are not needed.
Verbs following this rule:
Spanish Meaning
Stem
English Meaning
estar
estuv-
To be
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tener
andar
poder
poner
saber
haber
tuv–
anduv–
pud–
pus–
sup–
hub–
To have
To walk
To be able to
To put
To know
(only third person) There was,
there were
There is another group of verbs that get a j added to the end of the root and that
share almost the same endings (note that the third person plural is not –
ieron but rather –eron)
Spanish Meaning
Stem
English Meaning
Conducir
producir
Condujproduj–
To drive
To produce
traducir
traer
traduj–
traj–
To translate
To bring
decir
dij–
(This one has
a j stem and an e to i change)
4. Only irregular in the yo form: –car, –gar, –
zar
We have learned that the verbs ending in –car, –gar, and –zar are irregulars
only in the "yo" form… and just the spelling is irregular since the pronunciation
remains as expected.
Yo form endings and examples:

–car — –qué

dedicar — dediqué
–gar — –gué

jugar — jugué
–zar — –cé
empezar — empecé
Other verbs that follows this rule:
Infinitive
Yo Form
ahogar
llegar
ahogué
llegué
practicar
practiqué
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autorizar
autoricé
almorzar
sacar
castigar
justificar
almorcé
saqué
castigué
justifiqué
2.
Preterite vs. Imperfect
You already know that the preterite and the imperfect are used to talk about
things that happened in the past tense. The imperfect is usually used to talk
about:
 repeated habitual actions; background action or scene description
 physical, mental, or emotional states
 actions in progress (remember: when the action is interrupted we use the
preterite)
We use the preterite to talk about actions that are completely finished (and that
had a begining and an end.)
Some useful key words to identify the imperfect are:
siempre
nunca
todos los días
cada
mientras
For preterite:
ayer
la semana pasada
noche
el año pasado
Remember that if you are interrupted doing something, the imperfect is used for
whatever you were doing, and the preterite is used for the interruption.
Mientras yo leía el texto, el gato comió el pez.
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3.
Reflexive verbs in the past tense
We already know that reflexive verbs, with the exception of a few, are things
that you do to yourself. You can use these verbs in the past tense; however, we
have to pay attention to some stem-changing verbs when using the preterite:
Dormirse
yo me dormí
nosotros nos dormimos
tú te dormiste
vosotros os dormisteis
él, ella, usted se durmió
ellos, ellas, ustedes se durmieron
Sentirse
yo me sentí
nosotros nos sentimos
tú te sentiste
vosotros os sentisteis
él, ella, usted se sintió
ellos, ellas, ustedes se sintieron
Vestirse
yo me vestí
nosotros nos vestimos
tú te vestiste
vosotros os vestisteis
él, ella, usted se vistió
ellos, ellas, ustedes se vistieron
Here you have a list of the most common reflexive verbs:
bañarse
to bathe oneself
ducharse
to shower oneself
levantarse
to get oneself up
cepillarse
to brush oneself
lavarse
to wash oneself
peinarse
to comb oneself
secarse
to dry oneself
acostarse
to get in bed
maquillarse
to put makeup on oneself
vestirse
to get oneself dressed
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4.
Indirect Object Pronouns
Here is a list of the indirect object pronouns in Spanish and English:
me
to me, for me
te
to you, for you
le
to him/her, for
him/her
nos
to us, for us
os
to you, for you
les
to them, for them
What is the role of an indirect object pronoun?
In both Spanish and English, the role of the indirect object pronoun is the same:
indirect object pronouns answer the question 'to whom or what.' That is, they
tell us to whom or what an action is intended for in relation to the verb.
Remember your steps:
Step 1: figure out what the action in the sentence is
Step 2: figure out who received the action of the verb. The answer to this
question is the indirect object pronoun.
Positions of the indirect object pronouns
There are four positions where indirect object pronouns occur in Spanish:
1. Before conjugated verbs: Yo te voy a dar una carta — I am going to give you a
letter
2. Attached to infinitive verbs: El quiere decirnos algo — He wants to
tell us something
3. Attached to the end of commands: Cómprame un libro — Buy me a book
4. Attached to the end of verbs in the gerund: Estoy llamándole por teléfono —
I am calling him on the phone.
Clarify to what or to whom the indirect object
pronoun is referring
In many cases, you may notice that for clarity, the speaker explains whom he or
she is referring to. Remember, indirect object pronouns tell us to whom or what
an action is intended for in relation to the verb, but they are indirect, meaning
they do not specify the person, place or thing to which they refer. For that
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reason, we often need to clarify at the end of a sentence. In Spanish, we must
always use the preposition a to do this.
Le compro un libro a Maria. I buy a book for her, for María.
Voy a escribirles una carta a Paco y a Pedro. I am going to write them a letter,
to Paco and Pedro.
5.
Direct Object Pronouns
Take a look at the chart below to review the direct object pronouns in Spanish.
singular
plural
Masculine
Feminine
lo — it
los — them
la — it
las — them
When you review the direct object pronouns, remember the following key rules:


Direct object pronouns are used to refer to a noun or a pronoun.
Unlike indirect object pronouns, this type of pronoun normally does not call for
clarity because the speaker has already identified the object to which they are
referring to:
Quiero un helado. ¿Me lo compras, por favor?
I want an ice cream. Will you buy it for me, please?

Gender and number agreement are of extreme importance when using direct
object pronouns. The gender of the noun helado is masculine, and it is in its
singular form. Therefore, we must use the corresponding singular and masculine
direct object pronoun, lo.

6.
Double Object Pronouns
Always remember that there is a special sentence order when you use double object
pronouns (that is, when you use both indirect and direct object pronouns in the same
sentence or utterance).

The indirect object pronoun and the direct object pronoun must always be side by
side. They cannot be separated in a sentence.
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

The indirect object pronoun (me, te, le, les, os, nos) always comes before the
direct object pronoun (lo, los, la, las). By remembering the acronym I.D.
(indirect before direct) you will be able to remember this rule.
Two pronouns that start with the letter L are never to be used together. This
means that when you use le orles in front of lo, los, la, or las, you must
change le or les to the indirect object pronoun se.
7. Informal Tú Commands: Adding
Direct and Indirect Objects Pronouns
We have learned how to use the informal tú commands with indirect, direct, and
double object pronouns. Remember that commands are used to ask for something or to
ask someone to do something for us. Commands become very helpful in restaurants,
stores, with your friends and family, and so on.
Formal usted commands are used with strangers or someone to whom you want to show
respect. Informal túcommands are used with people you are familiar with. You learned
how to form tú commands in the affirmative and negative forms. Let’s review:

Affirmative / Positive: Conjugate the verb for the third person singular Él/Ella/Ud.
form:
Habla conmigo. Talk with me.
Come la fruta. Eat the fruit.

Negative:Use the present subjunctive of the verb in the tú form. To form the present
subjunctive tense, you must first conjugate your verb in the first person or yo form.
Second, replace the o with either –as (for verbs ending in –er or –ir) or –es (for verbs
ending in –ar)
No hables. Don't talk.
No me molestes. Don't bother me.
How do we use the indirect and direct object pronouns
in conjunction with tú commands?

In affirmative informal tú commands, the indirect and direct object pronouns will
always be attached to the end of the command. Remember that both objects are always
side by side following the I.D order rule. Also, two letter L’s must change the indirect
object pronoun le or les to se.
Correct: Dáselo. Give it to him / her.
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Incorrect: Dálelo.

In negative informal tú commands, the indirect and direct object pronouns will always
come before the command. The object pronouns will always be two separate words.
The I.D order and two letter L’s rules should be applied here as well.
Correct: No se lo comas. Don't eat it.
Incorrect: No le lo comas.
8. Formal Ud. And Uds. Commands:
You must use the present subjunctive of the verb in the third person singular (él, ella,
Ud..) for Ud. commands or the third person plural (ellos, ellas, Uds.)
for Uds. commands. To form the present subjunctive tense, you must first conjugate the
verb in the first person or yo form. Second, replace the o as follows:

If your verb is an –ar verb, you will use the –e or –en ending. If your verb is an –
er or –ir verb, you will use the –a or –an ending.
Hablar: hable / hablen
Escribir: escriba / escriban

When using double object pronouns with Ud. and Uds. commands, the rules are
the same as for túcommands.
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9. Future Tense
It means what will happen in the future.
1.
Examples:
I. I am going to play
voy + a + jugar
vas a
va a
vamos a comer
vais a
va a
II. I will play
I will be playing
Future tense is formed using the verb IR + a +
Infinitive
Infinitive + ending
Hablar
e
Beber as
recibir
a
emos
eis
an
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Twelve (12) irregular verbs in the future tense:
Infinitive
Future Stem + ending
English
note: this example is
conjugate in the first
person (e)
caber
cabre
To fit
haber
habre
To have
poder
podre
To be able to
querer
querre
To want
saber
sabre
To know (a fact)
decir
dire
To say / tell
hacer
hare
To do / make
poner
pondre
To put
salir
saldre
To go out
tener
tendre
To have / To own or
possess
valer
valdre
To be worth
venir
vendre
To come
The endings for those irregular verbs are the same as for regular verbs, but a
future stem is used instead of the infinitive.
He will know
We will say
You (singular) will have
------> sabra
-------> diremos
--------> tendrás
They will be able
--------> podran
You (plural) will go out
--------> saldreis
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10. Conditional Tense
Hypothetically what could or would happen in the future.
Examples:
I would play
I could be playing
Conditional tense is formed using the
INFINITIVE + ENDING:
escuchar
leer
+
existir
ia
ias
ia
iamos
iais
ian
This endings are the same for all the verbs in the conditional tense:
Leería =
Infinitive
I would read
she/he would read
Future Stem + ending
English
note: this example is
conjugate in the first person
(e)
caber
cabria
To fit
haber
habria
To have
poder
podria
To be able to
querer
querria
To want
saber
sabria
To know (a fact)
decir
diria
To say / tell
hacer
haria
To do / make
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poner
pondria
To put
salir
saldria
To go out
tener
tendria
To have / To own or possess
valer
valdria
To be worth
venir
vendria
To come
8. Vocabulary Words
Going Shopping
la camisa
shirt
la camiseta
T-shirt
los pantalones
pants
el vestido
dress
el traje
suit
los zapatos
shoes
los tenis
sneakers
el cinturón
belt
la falda
skirt
los calcetines / las medias
socks
el traje de baño
bathing suit
las medias
stockings, socks
las chancletas
flip flops
el sombrero
hat
el abrigo
coat
los guantes
gloves
la chaqueta
jacket
la ropa interior
underwear
los vaqueros / los blue jeans
blue jeans
el vestido de noche
evening dress
los tacones
high heels
las botas
boots
la blusa
blouse
Accessories
el brazalete
bracelet
el collar
necklace
los aretes
earrings
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el anillo
ring
el prendedor
brooch
la cartera o el bolso
pocketbook or purse
el pañuelo
handkerchief or neckerchief
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