PowerPoint to accompany
Essentials of Medical Language
Allan, Lockyer
Chapter 2:
The Body as a Whole
The Essentials of the Language of
Anatomy
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2-1
The Body as a Whole
Lesson 2.1:
Anatomical Positions, Planes,
and Directions
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2-2
Fundamental Anatomical
Position
• The body is standing erect with feet flat on
the floor, face and eyes facing forward,
and arms at the sides with the palms
facing forward.
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2-3
Anatomical Directional Terms
• Anatomical position
and directional terms
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Joe DeGrandis
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2-4
Anatomical Directional Terms
• Define the following directional terms:
– superior
– inferior
– proximal
– distal
– anterior
– posterior
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2-5
Anatomical Planes
• Anatomical planes
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Joe DeGrandis
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2-6
Word Analysis and Definition
• Describe the differences between the two listed
terms:
– caudal vs. cephalic
near to the tail vs. near to the head
– supine vs. prone
lying on back vs. lying on stomach
– proximal vs. distal
near to center of body vs. farther from center
of body
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2-7
Word Analysis and Definition
• Identify the roots of the following words
and their meanings:
– coronal
– ventral
– dorsal
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2-8
Body Cavities
• There are five major body cavities
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2-9
Abdominal Quadrants and
Regions
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Joe DeGrandis
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2-10
Word Analysis and Definition
• Describe the difference between the
following two terms whose root means
stomach:
– epigastric
– hypogastric
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2-11
The Body as a Whole
Lesson 2.2:
Organization of the Body
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2-12
Composition of the Body
• The body is composed of:
– organs
– tissues
– cells
– organelles
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2-13
Composition of the Body
• Zygote
© Francis Leroy, BIOCOSMOS/Photo Researchers, Inc.
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2-14
Composition of the Body
• Cytology
– definition
– importance
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2-15
Word Analysis and Definition
• Pronounce the following words:
cytology = SIGH-tol-oh-jee
fertilization = FER-til-eye-ZAY-shun
tissue = TISH-you
zygote = ZYE-goat
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2-16
Word Analysis and Definition
• Identify the root in the following words:
– cytologist
cyt/o– organelle
organ– molecular
molecCopyright 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display
2-17
Structure and Function of Cells
• Every cell carries out these basic functions
of life:
– Manufactures proteins and lipids.
– Produces and uses energy.
– Communicates with other cells.
– Replicates deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).
– Reproduces itself.
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2-18
Structure and Function of Cells
• Nucleus
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2-19
Word Analysis and Definition
• Practice pronouncing the following words:
– cytoplasm
sigh-toe-plazm
– deoxyribonucleic acid
dee-ock-see-rye-boh-noo-klee-ik as-id
– mitochondria
my-toe-kon-dree-ah
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2-20
Word Analysis and Definition
• Identify the roots of the following terms:
– catabolism
– chromosome
– nucleus
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2-21
The Body as a Whole
Lesson 2.3:
Tissues, Organs, and
Organ Systems
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2-22
Tissues
• Primary tissue groups
– connective
– epithelial
– muscle
– nervous
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2-23
Connective Tissue in the Knee
Joint
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2-24
Word Analysis and Definition
• Pronounce the following words:
capsular = KAP-syu-lar
collagen = KOLL-ah-jen
periosteum = PER-ee-OSS-tee-um
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2-25
Organs and Organ Systems
• The body is made up of 11 organ systems.
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2-26
Organs and Organ Systems
• Muscular and skeletal systems are
considered one organ system, the
musculoskeletal system.
• The muscular system contains the
muscles. This system can cause
movements, maintain posture, and
produce body heat.
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2-27
Organs and Organ Systems
• The skeletal system contains the bones,
ligaments, and cartilages.
• This system provides a framework,
protects soft tissues, provides attachments
for muscles, produces blood cells, and
stores inorganic salts.
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2-28
Organs and Organ Systems
• The cardiovascular system contains the
heart and blood vessels.
• This system moves blood and transport
substances throughout the body.
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2-29
Organs and Organ Systems
• The digestive system contains the mouth,
tongue, teeth, salivary glands, pharynx,
esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder,
pancreas, and small and large intestines.
• This system receives, breaks down, and
absorbs food. It also eliminates
unabsorbed material.
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2-30
Keynote
• Homeostasis is the coordinated response
of all the organs to maintain the internal
physiologic stability of an organism.
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2-31