Hole’s Human Anatomy
and Physiology
12th Edition
Chapter 1
Introduction to Human A&P
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1-1
Anatomy and Physiology
Anatomy vs Physiology
-define each term
- why combine into a single course?
Explain: “Structure follows Function”
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Subatomic particles
Levels of Organization
Atom
Organ system
Molecule
Macromolecule
Organ
Organelle
Organism
Cell
Tissue
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Fig. 1.19
Characteristics of Life
•Movement
•Responsiveness
•Growth
•Reproduction
•Respiration
•Digestion
•Absorption
Organ Systems
Which organ
system(s)
contribute to
each of the
characteristics
listed on the
left?
•Assimilation
•Circulation
•Excretion
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Fig. 1.5
Organ Systems Are Inter -related
Nutrients,
salts, water
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O2 in
CO2 out
Respiratory
system
Digestive
system
Cardiovascular
system
Organic waste,
excess salts, water
Urinary
system
Blood
Cell
Unabsorbed
matter
Extracellular
fluid
Internal
environment
External
environment
Requirements of Organisms
Water: most abundant substance in body
 metabolism
 transport
 regulates body temperature
Food
energy
building blocks
Oxygen - ~20% of air
releases energy from nutrients
Heat
helps control rate of metabolic reactions
Pressure
 atmospheric pressure – breathing
hydrostatic pressure – blood flow
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Homeostasis
Imagine one day is very cold out, while the next day
is very hot.
What effect does that have on your body
temperature?
External environment – keeps changing
Internal environment - remains stable.
How?
Body has “Homeostatic Mechanisms”
Homeostasic Mechanisms
– monitor internal environment
- corrects changes
3 Components of Homeostatic Mechanisms:
•receptors
• function?
•control center
•tells what a particular value should be
•effectors
• function?
Types of Regulation

negative feedback
 most common!
 ex. maintaining body temperature;
release of most hormones, etc.

positive feedback
 blood clotting
 labor
Example of Homeostasis – Control of Body Temperature
Control Center
Hypothalamus
Thermoreceptors
What temperature does your body try to maintain?
What changes occur when your body temperature is:
- too high? - too low?
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Fig. 1.10
Body Cavities
Cranial cavity
Frontal sinuses
Sphenoidal sinus
Orbital cavities
Nasal cavity
Middle ear cavity
Oral cavity
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Body Membranes

serous membranes




lines organ surfaces in thoracic and abdominal
cavities
thin, watery secretions
reduces friction
mucous membrane



lines hollow organs that lead to exterior of body
(ex. GI, respiratory, genito-urinary)
thick secretions
protective
4 Serous Membranes
Thoracic Membranes
• (1 & 2) pleura = one around each lung
• (3) pericardium
Abdominopelvic Membranes
• (4) peritoneum
•Each serous membrane composed of 2 layers:
•visceral layer – directly covers an organ
•parietal layer – lines a cavity or body wall
•small cavity between layers is filled with serous fluid
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Midline
Fig. 1.20a
Right
Proximal
Left
Superior
Medial
Lateral
Distal
Proximal
Distal
Inferior
Anterior
Posterior
(Ventral)
(Dorsal)
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Right
hypochondriac
region
Right
lumbar
region
Epigastric
region
Left
hypochondriac
region
Umbilical
region
Left
lumbar
region
Right upper
Left upper
quadrant (RUQ) quadrant (LUQ)
Right lower
Left lower
quadrant (RLQ) quadrant (LLQ)
Right
iliac
region
Hypogastric
region
(a)
Left
iliac
region