AP Biology
Chapter 9 Objectives
1. Diagram energy flow through the biosphere
2. Describe the overall summary equation for cellular respiration
3. Distinguish between substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative
phosphorylation
4. Explain how exergonic oxidation of glucose is coupled to endergonic
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synthesis of ATP
Define oxidation and reduction
Explain how redox reactions are involved in energy exchanges
Define coenzyme and list those involved in respiration
Describe the structure of coenzymes and explain how they function in
redox reactions
Describe the role of ATP in coupled reactions
Explain why ATP is required for the preparatory steps of glycolysis
Describe how the carbon skeleton of glucose changes as it proceeds
through glycolysis
Identify where in glycolysis the sugar association, substrate-level
phosphorylation, and reduction of coenzymes occur
Write a summary equation for glycolysis and describe where it occurs in
the cell
Describe where pyruvate is oxidized to acetyl CoA, what molecules are
produced , and how pyruvate links glycolysis to the Krebs cycle
Explain at what point during cellular respiration complete oxidation of
glucose occurs
Explain how the exergonic "slide" of electrons down the electron
transport chain is coupled to the endergonic production of ATP by
chemiosmosis
Describe the process of chemiosmosis
Explain how membrane structure is related to membrane function in
chemiosmosis
Describe the fate of pyruvate in the absence of oxygen
Explain why fermentation is necessary
Distinguish between aerobic and anaerobic metabolism
Describe how food molecules other than glucose can be oxidized to make
ATP
Describe evidence that the first prokaryotes produced ATP by glycolysis
Explain how ATP production is controlled by the cell and what role the
allosteric enzyme, phosphofructokinase, plays in this process
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25. Distinguish between autotrophic and heterotrophic nutrition
26. Distinguish between photosynthetic autotrophs and chemosynthetic
autotrophs
27. Describe the location and structure of the chloroplast
28. Explain how chloroplast structure relates to its function
29. Write a summary equation for photosynthesis
30. Explain van Niel's hypothesis and describe how it contributed to our
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current understanding of photosynthesis
Explain the role of REDOX reactions in photosynthesis
Describe the wavelike and particle-like behaviors of light
Explain why the absorption spectrum for chlorophyll differs from the
action spectrum for photosynthesis
List the wavelengths of light that are most effective for photosynthesis
Explain what happens when chlorophyll or accessory pigments absorb
photons
List the components of a photosystem and explain their functions
Trace electron flow through photosystems I and II
compare cyclic and noncyclic electron flow and explain the relationship
between these components of the light reaction
Summarize the light reactions with an equation and describe where they
occur
Describe important differences in chemiosmosis between oxidative
phosphorylation in mitochondria and photophosphorylation in chloroplasts
Summarize the carbon-fixing reactions of the Calvin cycle and describe
changes that occur in the carbon skeleton of the intermediates
Describe the role of ATP and NADPH in the Calvin cycle
Describe what happens to rubisco when the O2 concentration is much higher than CO2
Describe the major consequences of photorespiration
Describe two important photosynthetic adaptations that minimize
photorespiration
Describe the fate of photosynthetic products
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Chapter Terms:
Chapter 9
Fermentation
glycolysis
chemiosmosis
cellular respiration
Krebs cycle
proton-motive force
redox reactions
oxidative
phosphorylation
aerobic
oxidation
anaerobic
reduction
substrate-level
phosphorylation
alcohol fermentation
reducing agent
acetyl CoA
lactic acid fermentation
oxidizing agent
cytochrome (cyt)
facultative anaerobe
NAD+
ATP synthase
Chapter 10
photosynthesis
visible light
cyclic photophosphorylation
autotrophs
photons
cyclic electron flow
heterotrophs
absorption spectrum
cyclic photophosphorylation
chlorophyll
chlorophyll a
rubisco
mesophyll
action spectrum
C3 plants
stomata
chlorophyll b
photorespiration
stroma
carotenoids
C4 plants
light reactions
reaction center
bundle-sheath cells
Calvin cycle
primary electron
acceptor
mesophyll cells
NADP+
PEP carboxylase
photosystem I
photophosphorylation
photosystem II
CAM plants