9 Grammar
Parts of Speech
REVIEW
Part of Speech
 There are 8 Parts of Speech
 Many words change from one part of speech
to another as their meaning and function
change from one sentence to another
 The way a word is used in a sentence
determines what part of speech it is
Noun
 Noun - names a person, place, thing
 Our visit to the Grand Canyon delighted
Rosa.
 Our visit to the Grand Canyon delighted
Rosa.
Noun
 Person – Bob, girl, swimmer, Ms. Yang
 Place – kitchen, St. James Street, canyon,

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Pennsylvania
Thing:
Visible things – duck, daffodil, desk
Ideas – capitalism, recession, freedom
Actions – competition, exercise, labor
Conditions – joy, health, happiness
Qualities – compassion, intelligence, drive
Common & Proper Nouns
 Common noun – names any person,
place, or thing
 soldier,
valley
 Proper noun – names a specific person,
place, or thing
 General
Patton, Death Valley
Concrete & Abstract Nouns
 Concrete noun – names something you
can see, touch, taste, hear, or smell
 mother,
fabric, chocolate, music, perfume
 Abstract noun – names something you
cannot perceive through your five senses
 hope,
improvement, evil, desperation,
cooperation
Collective Nouns
 Collective noun - names groups of persons or
things
 army,
choir, class, faculty, crew, company
 They can be either singular or plural depending
on how they are used
A
collective noun takes a singular verb when the
group it names acts as a single unit
 The
jury has reached a decision.
A
collective noun takes a plural verb when the group
it names acts as individuals with different points of
view
 The
jury have been unable to reach a decision.
Compound Nouns
 Compound noun - a noun that is made up
of two or more words acting as a single unit
 Separated
– life preserver, coffee table
 Hyphenated – jack-’o-lantern, daughter-in-law
 Combined – scrollwork , dreamland
Pronoun
 Pronoun - used in place of a noun
 We told John that he could pick the movie.
 We told John that he could pick the movie.
*In writing, they are used to avoid the awkward repetition of
nouns
Pronoun
 Antecedent – the noun or noun phrase for
which the pronoun stands
Personal Pronouns
Singular
Plural
 First Person
 I, me, my, mine
 First Person
 we, us, our, ours
 Second Person
 you, your, yours
 Second Person
 you, your, yours
 Third Person
 he, him, his, she, her, hers,
it, its
 Third Person
 they, them, their, theirs
Reflexive & Intensive Pronouns
Singular
Plural
 First Person
 myself
 First Person
 ourselves
 Second Person
 yourself
 Second Person
 yourselves
 Third Person
 himself, herself, itself
 Third Person
 themselves
Demonstrative Pronouns
Singular
Plural
this, that
these, those
Relative Pronouns
 Relative pronoun – begins a subordinate
clause and connects it to another idea in the
sentence
 that, which, who, whom, whose
 We will go to the store that advertised a
sale.
Interrogative Pronouns
 Interrogative pronoun – used to begin a
question
 what, which, who, whom, whose
 Who knocked on the door?
Indefinite Pronouns
 Indefinite pronoun – refer to people,
places, or things, often without specifying
which ones
Indefinite Pronouns
Singular
another, anybody,
anyone, anything, each,
either, everybody,
everyone, everything,
little, much, neither,
nobody, no one
Plural
both, few, many,
others, several
Singular and Plural
all, any, more, most,
none, some
Verb
 Verb - a word or group of words that
expresses time while showing an action, a
condition, or the fact that something exists
 Action
– The tires screeched.
 Condition – Our apricots tasted sweet.
 Existence – The monkey should be in the next
cage.
Action Verb
 Action verb – a verb that tells what action
someone or something is performing.
 The
tires screeched.
Linking Verb
 Linking verb – a verb that connects its
subject with a word generally found near the
end of the sentence; expresses condition or
existence
 The
monkey should be in the next cage.
 Mr. Potts is our neighbor.
Linking Verbs - Be
am
are
is
was
were
am being
are being
is being
was being
were being
can be
could be
may be
might be
must be
shall be
should be
will be
would be
have been
has been
had been
could have been
may have been
might have been
must have been
should have been
will have been
would have been
Other Linking Verbs
appear
become
feel
grow
look
remain
seem
smell
sound
stay
taste
turn
*In writing, linking verbs are usually considered weak. Use
strong verbs!
Adjective
 Adjective - modifies a noun or pronoun;
tells what kind, which one, how many or
how much
 Those three apples are an unusual color.
 Those three apples are an unusual color.
Adjectives - Articles
 Indefinite article – refers to any noun
 a,
an
 Definite article – refers to a specific
noun
 the
Proper & Common Adjectives
 Proper
 Victorian
literature
 Common
 coldblooded animals
Compound Adjectives
 Separated – South American birds
 Hyphenated – long-term commitment
 Combined – coldblooded animals
Other Parts of Speech as Adjectives
 Nouns
 potato soup, party hat
 the Roosevelt era, a Maine Lobster
 Pronouns
 Possessive – his beard
 Demonstrative – that test
 Interrogative – which job
 Indefinite – another chance
Other Parts of Speech as Adjectives
 Verbs – usually end in –ing or –ed
 rippling
water, washed clothes
Adverb
 Adverb - modifies a verb, adjective, or adverb;
tells where, when, in what manner, or to what
extent
 Verb
 The
balloon floated up. (where?)
 Now I will go. (when?)
 The evening quickly passed. (in what manner?)
 She did not warn me. (to what extent?)
 Adjective
I
am extremely hungry. (to what extent?)
 Adverb
 He
drives rather carefully. (to what extent?)
Nouns as Adverbs
 We raced home. (raced where?)
 I saw them yesterday. (saw when?)
Adverb or Adjective?
 The train arrived early?
 She took the early train to work.
 The principal’s slow approval of the program
was detrimental to reading progress.
 The principal slowly approved each piece of the
program.
 a lonely house, a ghostly smile
Preposition
 Preposition - shows the relationship between
a noun or pronoun and another word in a
sentence
 relationships
may involve location, direction,
cause, or possession
 must appear in a prepositional phrase with an
object of the preposition
 Near our house, the carnival was in full swing.
 Near our house, the carnival was in full swing.
Prepositional Phrase
 Behind her
 Behind the seat
 Behind her newly upholstered car seat
Preposition or Adverb?
 Preposition – The ball rolled down the steps.
 Adverb – The child fell down.
Conjunction
 Conjunction - connects words or groups of
words
 Both you and I will go because they need
more people.
 Both you and I will go because they need
more people.
Coordinating Conjunctions
 Coordinating conjunctions - connect
similar parts of speech and groups of words
that are grammatically alike




For
And
Nor
But
Or
Yet
So
Coordinating Conjunctions
 With nouns and pronouns
Her friends and she went sailing.
With verbs
 The waves thundered and pounded the shore.
With adjectives
 The dog’s fur is soft, silky, and clean.
With adverbs
 The carpenter works quickly, but efficiently.
With prepositional phrases
 Turn to the left or to the right.
With subordinate ideas
 She could not read, yet she played the piano beautifully.
With complete ideas
 They went swimming, for it was very hot.
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Correlative Conjunctions
 Correlative conjunctions are paired
conjunctions that link balanced words,
phrases, and clauses




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
Either … or
Neither … nor
Both … and
Not only … but also
Just as … so
The more … the less
The more … the more
Subordinate Conjunctions
 Subordinate conjunctions – join two
complete ideas by making one of the ideas
subordinate (dependent)
 Although
she could not read music, she
played the piano beautifully.
Subordinate Conjunctions

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After
Although
As
As far as
As if
As long as
As much as
As soon as
As though
Because
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Before
Even if
Even though
How
If
Inasmuch as
In order that
Just as
Lest now that
Once
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Provided
Provided that
Since
So that
Than
That
Though
Till
Unless
Until
What
Whatever
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




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When
Whenever
Where
Wherever
Whereas
Whereby
Whether
Which
While
Who
Whom
Conjunctive Adverbs
 Conjunctive adverbs - adverbs used as
conjunctions to connect complete ideas.
 They can follow a semicolon to give added
meaning to a compound sentence.
 They are often used as transitions, creating
bridges between different ideas by showing
comparisons, contrasts, results, etc.
 She could not read music; however, she
played the piano beautifully.
Conjunctive Adverbs
 Accordingly
 Furthermore
 Last
 Still
 Afterward
 However
 Later
 Sure
 Again
 In addition
 Likewise
 Then
 Also
 In fact
 Meanwhile
 Thereafter
 Anyhow
 Indeed
 Moreover
 Therefore
 As a result
 Instead
 Nevertheless  Thus
 At the time
 Next
 Besides
 Now
 Consequently
 On the other
 Conversely
hand
 Otherwise
 Similarly
 Soon
 Finally
 For example
 For instance
 Too
Interjection
 Interjection - word or phrase that
expresses a feeling
 Hey, give me that!
 Hey, give me that!
Some Interjections
ah
aha
alas
dear
goodness
gracious
hey
hurray
oh
ouch
well
whew
wow