What are cells made of?
• All cells are composed of parts, called
organelles
• The entire cell is made chemically of mainly
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen,
phosphorus, and sulfur
– These elements are arranged into FOUR classes of
molecules
– Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids
Cells
Prokaryotes
http://www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/iGen3_05-09_Figure-L.jpg
Eukaryotes
Cells
Plants
http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/guest-blog/files/2011/08/Plagiomnium_affine_laminazellen.jpg
Animals
http://www.microscopyu.com/galleries/dicphasecontrast/images/dnarnadic.jpg
Cell Membrane
• Phospholipid bilayer
• Selectively Semipermeable membrane
• Contains embedded protein channels that
function in transport
• Fluid Mosaic Model
• “Gatekeeper” of the cell
Cell Wall (PLANT)
• Provides additional support in plant cells
• Made from cellulose (carbohydrate) and
proteins
Cytoplasm
• Consists of cytosol, organelles, and other
material
• Cytosol - Solute-rich, gel-like substance that
takes up most of the cell in volume
Nucleus
• Contains genetic
material (DNA) of
the cell
• Controls cell
activity
• “Brain” of the cell
• Membrane bound
http://stke.sciencemag.org/content/vol2007/issue415/cover.dtl
Nucleolus
• Ribosomes made here – “Ribosome Factory”
Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Intracellular transport
system
• “Highway of the cell”
Smooth ER
• Smooth ER – where lipids and steroids are
made
• “Lipid Factory” of cell
Rough ER
• Rough ER – contains ribosomes, where
proteins are made by the cell
• “Protein Factory” of cell
Golgi Body
• Packages and directs
movement of
materials into and
out of cell
• “Post Office” of the
cell
Ribosome
• Makes proteins
• “Protein Factory Workers” of the cell
Lysosome (ANIMAL)
• Contain enzymes to break down waste in the
cell
• “Garbagemen” of the cell
Mitochondria
• Produce ATP (energy) for the cell
• “Powerhouse” of the cell
Vacuole
Storage compartment for a cell
• Plant cells have a large
vacuole for storing water
• Animal cells have smaller
vacuoles
Chloroplast (PLANTS)
• Site of photosynthesis in plants
• Creates glucose using carbon dioxide and
water
• “Plant food factory”
Cytoskeleton
• Provides support and structure inside the cell
• Allows for movement of vesicles, organelles,
and other materials around cell
• “Skeleton” of cell
Centriole
• Divides cells during reproduction