By: Ernawati Mustafa Kamal
School of Housing, Building & Planning
Universiti Sains Malaysia

What is project?
• A project is a collection of tasks that must be completed within certain time frame, with specific cost & quality.
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What is Project
Planning
Process
•
Land
Input
• Money (capital)
• Labour
• Material
• Machine
What do we do to get it done?
How do we do it?
Output
• Design
• Product
• Buildings
• Infrastructure
What do we want?
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Project Scheduling Objectives
• Estimating time of project by determining the earliest start and finish of each activity.
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 Finding the minimum cost schedule needed to complete the project by a certain date.
 Investigating the results of possible delays in activity’s completion time.
 Progress control
 Smoothing out resource allocation over the duration of the project.

Project Scheduling
• Tasks are called “activities.”
- Estimated completion time (and sometimes costs) are associated with each activity.
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- Activity completion time is related to the amount of resources committed to it.
- The degree of activity details depends on the application and how specific is the data.

Identifying the Activities of a Project
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• To determine optimal schedules we need to
– Identify all the project’s activities.
– Determine the precedence relations among activities.

Identifying Activities
• Example:
- Company A is a contractor & they need to construct a house.
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Identifying Activities
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• Major task they need to perform & complete:
- Sub-structure
- Superstructure
- Internal Finishes
- Services and finishing
- External Works

Identifying Activities
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• Company A needs to develop a precedence relations chart.
• The chart gives a concise set of tasks and their immediate predecessors.

Identifying Activities
Sub-Structure
Activity
A
B
Superstructure
C
J
I
G
H
D
E
F
Description
Piling
Pile caps and ground beams
Frame
Upper Floors
Roof
Stairs and Ramps
External Walls
Windows and External Doors
Internal Walls and Partitions
Internal Doors
Internal Finishes K
L
M
Wall finishes
Floor Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
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Identifying Activities
Services & Finishing
External Works
Activity
N
O
P
Q
T
U
R
S
Description
Sanitary installation
Water installation
Electrical installation
Road, Paths, Pavings & Surfacing
Landscaping and Irrigation Systems
Fencing
External drainage
External services
From the activity description chart, we can determine immediate predecessors for each activity.
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Scheduling Tools & Techniques
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• Mathematical Analysis
- calculating theoretical early and late start and finish dates for all projects activities without regard for any resource limitations.
- The resulting dates are not schedule, but it indicate the time period within which activity should be schedule.

Mathematical Analysis
• Critical Path Method (CPM)
• Graphical Evaluation and Review Techniques
(GERT)
• Program Evaluation and Review Technique
(PERT)
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Scheduling Tools & Techniques
• Bar Charts
- Milestone charts
- Gantt charts
• Horizontal time scale is used, often divided into weeks.
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• Various operations comprising the project are listed vertically down the left-hand side.

Bar Charts
• The timing and duration of each operation indicated by a horizontal bar spanning the relevant period of weeks and shown on the same line as the operation it refers to.
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Example of Bar Charts
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Example of Bar Charts
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Example of Bar Charts
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Example of Bar Charts
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Progress Report
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• It is a document used for updating the progress of work.
• Can be in many forms i.e: report (short report, formal report), memo, letter, or presentation.

What is expected to be in progress report?
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• Background of the project
• Discussion of achievement during that period of time (including the photos).
• Discussion of the problems arise
• Discussion on the work to be completed.
• Current cost/budget
• Assessment of whether you will meet the objectives in the proposed schedule and budget