Chapter 22 Sec. 1
The Cold War Chapter 22 Sec. 1
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1.
2.
Era of confrontation & competition between the
Soviet & US from 1946 to 1990.
The roots of the Cold War can be found in the
period just before the end of WWII.
TWO Differing Goals:
The United State’s Goals- Democracy, free
enterprise & economic growth would lead to
peaceful future in post war world.
The Soviet Union’s Goals: keep Germany weak
economically & militarily, communism was superior
to capitalism= spread communism.
Map of Europe AFTER World War II
YALTA CONFERENCE, 1945: FDR, CHURCHILL
AND STALIN MET TO DISCUSS THE FUTURE OF
EUROPE AFTER THE WAR.
*The Yalta Conference (Feb. 1945)
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FDR (BEFORE HE DIED), STALIN, & CHURCHILL
PLAYED AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN CAUSING THE COLD WAR
Soviets were setting up communist governments in Europe as
they moved through.
Poland- two rival governments claimed the right to govern
Poland- one communist the other –non-communist.
Agreement- FDR & Churchill agreed to recognize communist
government set up by the Soviets; Stalin agreed to allow free
elections later (never happened)
Declaration of Liberated Europe- Big three agreed that people
in Europe had the right to form governments & democracy.
Germany- the Big Three agreed to divide Germany into 4 zones
controlled by : Britain, France, US, & Soviets.
Berlin also divided into 4 zones
Stalin insisted that Germany pay heavy war reparations
FDR got Stalin to accept German goods instead of cash
Division of Germany after World War II
POTSDAM CONFERENCE, JULY 1945
CHURCHILL, TRUMAN, AND STALIN
DECIDE HOW TO DEAL WITH GERMANY AND JAPAN
* The Potsdam Conference (July 1945)
FDR died; 1st meeting between President Truman,
Stalin, Churchill
 War was still raging against Japan at this point
 Stalin wants to keep Germany weak; Truman
distrustful of Stalin-won’t appease him.
Agreement1.
Stalin agreed to accept small amount of industrial
equipment from US, British, & French zones instead of
cash.
2.
Soviets had to pay for part of it with food shipments
from the Soviet zone to Western Germany.
3.
Truman agreed to accept new German-Polish border
* Truman hinted that the US had developed a new
powerful weapon (atomic bomb).
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Behind the ‘Iron Curtain”
Soviets established communist government in
Romania & did not allow non-communist to
serve in government in Poland.
 *“Satellite nations”- communist countries of
Eastern Europe controlled by USSR.
 1946- Winston Churchill gave a speech in
Fulton, Missouri– “an iron curtain has fallen
across Eastern Europe”.
 *“Iron Curtain”- area separating free Europe
from communist area of Eastern Europe &
Soviet Union.
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Churchill giving his
“iron curtain” speech
in March of 1946 at
Fulton Missouri
"A shadow has fallen
upon the scenes so
lately lighted by the
Allied victories. . . . From
Stettin in the Baltic to
Trieste in the Adriatic, an
iron curtain has
descended across the
continent.”
Churchill’s main points were that there should be a US/UK agreement within
the framework of the U.N. to resist and deter any disturbances to world
peace and that Stalin wants "not war but the fruits of war”, and if the allies
stay strong and united they can counter any Soviet threat
UNITED NATIONS MEETS FOR THE FIRST TIME, 1945
Chapter 22 Sec. 2
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*George Kennan
› American Ambassador to USSR
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*Long Telegram: 5,540 word
explanation of what he
believed were Soviet goals
Proposed long term
*CONTAINMENT of Communism
*Containment – keeping
Communism within its present
territory
*Containment will be US policy
during the Cold War for 40
years!!
IRAN WAS THE SITE OF
THE FIRST DISPUTE OF
THE COLD WAR IN
1945-46
Iran Crisis
After WWII- US & USSR jointly occupied Iran
 US withdrew– USSR refused to withdraw &
supported a communist government in
North Iran (wanted access to oil).
 Truman’s Actions:
1. Sent strong message to Soviets to withdraw
2. Sent USS Missouri to eastern Mediterranean
Result- Soviet’s withdrew with promise of a
Iranian-Soviet oil company.
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BOTH GREECE AND TURKEY FACED
COMMUNIST REVOLTS IN 1947 AND
ASKED THE U.S. FOR AID TO DEFEND
THEMSELVES FROM COMMUNIST
TAKEOVERS
FIGHTING AGAINST
COMMUNISTS IN GREECE
The Roosevelt
Corollary
2. The Quadruple
Alliance
3. The Monroe
Doctrine
4. The Platt
Amendment
1.
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Truman’s policy on fighting
Soviet aggression around
the world
Asked Congress for $400
million to fight communists
in Turkey & Greece.
Truman pledged to help
people fighting against
communism with money &
supplies.
“To aid free peoples who are resisting attempted
subjugation by armed minorities or outside pressures.”
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1947 George Marshall
– Secretary of State
European recovery
plan
American aid to
rebuild Europe after
WWII- US sent billions of
dollars to help western
Europe recover.
Necessary to fight
Communism
GERMAN CITY OF
HAMBURG IN 1947 BEFORE
THE MARSHALL PLAN
EFFECTS OF THE
MARSHALL PLAN
HAMBURG, 1952, AFTER THE
MARSHALL PLAN
•1948- US, Britain, France
announce that they will merge
their 3 zones & allow Germany
to set up a government.
•Make West Berlin part of new
Germany
•June 1948- USSR cut all rail,
road traffic to West Berlin
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Truman ordered an
airlift of supplies to
West Berliners
11 months (2 million
tons of supplies)
Also sent bombers with
atomic weapons to
Britain just in case
IN MAY OF 1949 THE RUSSIANS ENDED THE BERLIN
BLOCKADE
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**NATO – North
Atlantic Treaty
Organization
Mutual defense
alliance
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*Warsaw Pact
Soviet Union’s
response to West
Germany joining
NATO
An organized military
alliance in Eastern
Europe
EASTERN EUROPEAN NATIONS TAKEN OVER BY THE USSR AFTER WW II
YUGOSLAVIA, WHILE COMMUNIST, REMAINED INDEPENDENT
IN OCTOBER 1947 THE UN AUTHORIZED THE
CREATION OF THE STATE OF ISRAEL WITH BOTH
THE US AND USSR VOTING IN FAVOR.
ON MAY 14TH 1948 ISRAEL DECLARED ITS
INDEPENDENCE AND FIVE ARAB STATES
IMMEDIATELY INVADED WITH THE GOAL OF
DESTROYING THE NEWLY CREATED JEWISH
STATE. THEY WERE DEFEATED BY ISRAEL
MUFTI AND
HITLER DURING
THE WW II
The Mufti of Jerusalem, Haj Amin Al
Husseini stated, “I declare a holy
war, my Moslem brothers! Murder
the Jews! Murder them all!"
Turkey
Israel
Syria
Lebanon
Iraq
Jordan
THE CONFLICT
BETWEEN ARABS
AND ISRAELIS IS
AN ONGOING
THEME IN THE
FOREIGN
RELATIONS OF THE
US DURING THE
COLD WAR AND
BEYOND.
Saudi A rabia
Egypt
BECAUSE OF THE 1948 ARAB ISRAELI WAR SOME 500,000 ARABS FLED ISRAEL
AND MANY REMAIN REFUGEES TODAY HOPING TO RETURN TO THEIR FORMER
HOMES. IT IS ESTIMATED THAT AS MANY AS 800,000 JEWS WERE FORCED TO
LEAVE ARAB COUNTRIES DURING THE 1940’S AND 50’S. MOST OF THESE
REFUGEES WERE ABSORBED INTO ISRAEL.
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Chinese Revolution
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› 1949 Communists
› Mao Zedong
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US sent aid to
Nationalist
government who
were defeated &
fled to Taiwan
Shocked America
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1949 – Soviets test
their first Atomic
Bomb
Sino-Soviet Pact
› 1950
› China & USSR
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Changed US
policy towards
Japan
› Encouraged
more rapid
recovery
President Truman approves the development of the hydrogen bomb. This
new type of nuclear weapon is at least 100 times more powerful than the
atomic bombs dropped on Japan in 1945.
THE FIRST US HYDROGEN BOMB
WAS EXPLODED IN NOVEMBER OF
1952. THE USSR EXPLODED ONE IN
1953.
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38th parallel
Communist in the
North
Democracy in the
South
June 25, 1950--North
Korea invaded South
Korea
Test of Containment
US got UN to send
multinational force led
by US
Pusan
Perimeter
North Koreans
pushed the
South Korean
and U.N.
armies all the
way to Pusan
in the south
GENERAL DOUGLAS MACARTHUR
WAS PUT IN OVERALL COMMAND
OF UNITED NATIONS FORCES
Macarthur made a brilliant Invasion
at Inchon which pushed the North
Koreans back over the border
China then invaded & pushed the
UN army back to the 38th parallel
THE WAR IN KOREA TURNED INTO A STALEMATE RESEMBLING WORLD WAR I
TRENCH WARFARE.
Truman fired Gen. McArthur- MacArthur
wanted to attack China (criticized
president openly)
 *Limited War
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› Truman remained committed to a limited
objective of containing communism
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**Important turning point in Cold War
› Created the need for the US to begin a
massive military build up
End of the Korean War
1951- peace negotiations began
 Armistice signed July 1953 (President
Eisenhower)-hinted use of bomb against
China
 33,600 US soldiers died
Changes:
 Led to US military buildup
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Chapter 22 Section 3
Fear that Communists were secretly working to
subvert the American government
 Sept. 1945- Soviet Igor Gouzenko defected to
Canada; carried documents that Soviet spies
were trying to infiltrate US & Canada
 Subversion
› The effort to secretly weaken a society &
overthrow its government
 J. Edgar Hoover
› FBI Director
Loyalty Review Program (1947-1951)
 US Government screened all federal employees
for Communist leanings.
 6 million US federal employees screened
 14,000 investigated by FBI
 2,000 quit their jobs
 212 were fired for “questionable" loyalty
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The House Un-American Activities
Committee (HUAC)
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Formed in1938 to investigate Communists & Fascists in the US.
The Committee investigated communists & those who
“sympathized” with them.
Richard Nixon - member of the committee (1948-1949)
Hollywood on Trial- HUAC questioned people in the movie industry
about communist activities.
“The Hollywood Ten”- used 5th Amendment to refuse to testify.
Blacklists- people who refused to cooperate were denied jobs.
Alger Hiss (former member of FDR’s staff)- accused of being a
communist by (Whittaker Chambers).
Hiss denied being a communist
Pumpkin Papers- seemed to prove that Hiss had lied
Hiss was found guilty of perjury
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Whittaker Chambers
› Admitted he was a Communist &
claimed there were other
government officials
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Alger Hiss
› Government official named by
Chambers
› Pumpkin Papers
› Convicted of perjury
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1950- Government
charged them with
spying
NY couple-members
of Communist Party
Convicted & put to
death (1953)
Divided the country
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1946-1995
Cryptographers
cracked the Soviet
spy code (1946)
Found many spies in
the US
American public
didn’t know until
1995
Proved Rosenberg's
were guilty
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Claimed to have the
names of 205 Communists
in the government (State
Department)
Charged Secretary of State
Dean Acheson & Army
Chief of Staff George
Marshall
*McCarthyism-tactic of
damaging reputations
using vague unfounded
charges
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› Televised hearings
› McCarthy seen
(1950)McCarran
Internal Security Act
bullying witnesses in
the Army
› *Caused his support
to fade
› Made it illegal to
conspire or perform
any act with a person
contributing to a
totalitarian
government
› Required all
Communist
organizations & party
members to register
with the Attorney
General
1954-Army-McCarthy
Hearings
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Senate voted
censure of McCarthy
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Duck & Cover
› Protection from the
blast
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Fallout shelters
› Built in backyards to
protect from fallout
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Fallout
› Radiation left over
after a blast
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Cold War Nightmares
› Movies
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Enjoyed a time of
prosperity
Chapter 23
Section 4
Election of 1952
Truman will not run again: Foreign Policy
not working, USSR had the bomb, China
fallen to communism, US troops in Korea.
 Democrats nominated Adlai Stevenson
 Republicans nominated Dwight D.
Eisenhower
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*Eisenhower
promised to go to
Korea to force an
end to the war if
elected.
•Dec. 1953armistice signed
Believed key to winning
Cold war was a strong
economy
 Conventional war cost
too much – using
atomic weapons gave
the US ‘more bang for
the buck’
 *Massive Retaliation
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› The best way to prevent
a conventional war was
to threaten with nuclear
weapons
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Critics of Eisenhower’s
Massive Retaliation
called his willingness to
go to the brink of war to
force the other side
down= “brinkmanship”
Secretary of State John
Dulles- major player in US
policy in 1950’s.
IN MARCH OF 1953 JOSEPH STALIN THE COMMUNIST DICTATOR OF THE
SOVIET UNION DIED. AFTER THIS THE KOREAN PEACE NEGOIATIONS TOOK A
MORE POSITIVE TURN.
NIKITA KHRUSHCHEV BECAME THE
LEADER OF THE SOVIET UNION AFTER
STALIN’S DEATH. HE DENOUNCED
THE CRIMES OF STALIN IN A FAMOUS
1956 SPEECH AND SET OUT TO
REFORM THE USSR. ALTHOUGH HE
ADVOCATED “PEACEFUL
COEXISTENCE” THERE WERE SEVERAL
SERIOUS ENCOUNTERS BETWEEN THE
TWO SUPER POWERS WHILE HE WAS
IN OFFICE. IN 1956 HE ANNOUNCED
AT A UN SPEECH THAT “WE (USSR)
WILL BURY YOU (US)”
Nikita Khrushchev
becomes leader of
USSR
**The Domino Theory
1947- President Truman started sending
money to French forces in Vietnam trying
to prevent their colony from take over by
Communists.
 Eisenhower continued this policy
 “Domino Theory”- Eisenhower’s belief
that if one Asian nation fell to
communism others would fall as well.
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Taiwan
› China attacks Taiwan
› US warns of nuclear
weapons
› China backs down
› Containment works
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Suez Canal Crisis
(1956)
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Egyptian troops seized
Suez Canal—Britain &
France sent troops
USSR supported Egypt
British & French
withdraw
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Created to use covert
operations to combat
& contain Communism
Developing Nations
were key
› Iran – CIA started a riot &
returned the Shah of Iran
to power
› Guatemala- CIA trained
opponents of communist
president ousted him.
 United Fruit Company
OCTOBER 4TH 1957 THE SPACE RACE BEGAN WHEN RUSSIA
LAUNCHED SPUTNIK, THE FIRST ARTIFICIAL SATELLITE TO ORBIT
THE EARTH. AMERICANS WERE SHOCKED THAT THE SOVIETS
WERE THE FIRST INTO SPACE
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*Sputnik--First artificial
satellite launched by
the Soviets in 1957
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› Alarmed Americans
› Americans falling
› NASA
› Coordinate research
behind in missile
technology
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B-52 Bomber – able to
fly across continents
Intercontinental
Ballistic Missiles (ICBMs)
› Could deliver bombs
without aircraft
National Aeronautics
& Space
Administration
in rocket science &
space exploration
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National Defense
Education Act (NDEA)
› Education in science,
math & foreign
languages
In 1957 a new word entered the world’s vocabulary: ICBM, short for
intercontinental ballistic missiles. These were nuclear bomb carrying missiles
with ranges of over five thousand miles. No place on earth was safe from
nuclear destruction.
USSR WAS THE FIRST TO
SUCCESSFULLY LAUNCH
AN ICBM
FIRST US ATLAS ICBM
The U.S. did not get an object into
orbit until January of 1958 after
several embarrassing failures. The
space race was on.
OCTOBER 23, 1956 THE PEOPLE OF HUNGARY ROSE UP AGAINST THEIR USSR
COMMUNIST IMPOSED GOVERNMENT. FOR A SHORT TIME IT APPEARED THAT
THE REVOLT MIGHT SUCCEED BUT ON NOVEMBER 4TH SOVIET TANK ARMIES
INVADED AND CRUSHED THE REVOLT. A SIMILAR 1952 REVOLT IN POLAND
WAS ALSO DEFEATED BY RUSSIAN TANKS.
FIDEL CASTRO
ON JANUARY 1, 1959 REVOLUTION IN CUBA SUCCESSFULLY
OVERTHREW THE Pro-US GOVERNMENT. ON JANUARY 6TH
FIDEL CASTRO BECAME PREMIER AND LATER COMMUNIST
DICTATOR OF CUBA. MANY CUBANS FLEE TO THE U.S.
The Paris Summit (1960)
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1959- Soviet leader Khrushchev visited the US
Eisenhower & Khrushchev agreed to meet
again in Paris 1960.
The Soviets shot down an American spy
plane before the summit began
At first, Eisenhower denied US involvement.
Khrushchev broke up the summit
MAY 1960: THE U-2 INCIDENT
A US U-2 RECONNAISSANCE (SPY) PLANE WAS
SHOT DOWN OVER THE SOVIET UNION
U-2 Plane was piloted by Garry Powers
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Eisenhower’s
warning in his
farewell speech
Do not let the build
up of military industry
affect democracy