Latin II Review
Relative Pronouns
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Introduce subordinate clauses
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Agree with antecedent
What ways?

Describes the antecedent
Examples
multī audītōrēs saturās ācrēs timēbant
quās poēta recitābat.
 puer mātrem timēbat, quae eum saepe
neglegēbat.
 incipimus vēritātem intellegere, quae
mentēs nostrās semper regere dēbet et
sine quā valēre nōn possumus.
 levis est fortūna: id cito repōscit quod
dedit.
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Passive Voice
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Use the other slides
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Oh yeah, thanks.
Interrogative Pronouns and
Adjectives

Pronouns stand in place of some noun or
pronoun (like substantive adjectives eg.
“The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly”)

Adjectives modify some noun or pronoun
Interrogative Pronoun

Same as relative:
– Plural forms
– Masc. Sing. Forms

Different from relative:
– No antecedent
– Asks a qestion
– Masc. and Fem. Sing. Forms (p.124)
– Nom. Sing.
Interrogative Adjectives

Same as relative:
– All Forms
– Agrees with a noun or pronoun

Different from relative:
– Asks for more specific information about the
person or thing it agrees with
– Placement*
Examples
quōs librōs bonōs poēta caecus herī
recitāvit?
 fēminae librōs difficilēs crās legent quōs
mīsistī.
 quis lībertātem eōrum eō tempore dēlēre
coepit?
 quid nōs facere contrā istōs et scelera
eōrum dēbēmus?
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Participles
Verbal adjectives
 Four types of participles in Latin

– Present Active doing
– Future Active about to do
– Perfect Passive done, having been done
– Future Passive about to be done
Participles – Present Stem

Present Active
– Recognized by its characteristic “ns” or “nt”
with 3rd declension * “ī” in the abl. sing.
 laudans, laudantis

Future Passive (Gerundive)
– Recognized by its characteristic “nd” with 1st
and 2nd declension endings
 laudandus, -a, -um
Participles – Partic. Stem

Participle Stem = Perfect Passive Participle
= 4th principal part of verb
– Declined with 1st and 2nd declension endings
 laudatus, -a, -um

Future Active
– Recognized by its characteristic “ūr” with 1st
and 2nd declension endings
 laudatūrus, -a, -um
Examples
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aliquid numquam ante audītum cernō.
illum ōrātōrem in mediō senātū iterum
petentem fīnem bellōrum ac scelerum nōn
adiūvistis.
illam gentem Latīnam oppressūrī et dīvitiās
raptūrī, omnēs virōs magnae probitātis
premere ac dēlēre prōtinus coepērunt.
sī mihi eum ēducandum committēs, studia
eius fōrmāre ab īnfantiā incipiam.
Ablative Absolute
Participial phrase that describes some
general circumstances surrounding the
action.
 Identified by “a bunch o’ ablatives” in
close proximity.
 Translated with “once …, since…, with…
doing/having been done/about to do”

Examples
ōrātor, signō ā sacerdōte datō, eō diē
revēnit et nunc tōtus populus Latīnus
gaudet.
 Asiā victā, dux Rōmānus fēlīx multōs
servōs in Italiam mīsit.
 omnibus ferrō mīlitis perterritīs, quisque sē
servāre cupiēbat.

Passive Periphrastic
Simply the gerundive + sum
 A simplified way to express necessity,
obligation, or appropriate actions.


The Wheelock vocabulary must be studied
by you every day.
Examples

populō metū oppressō, iste imperātor
nōbīs ex urbe pellendus est.

cernisne omnia quae tibi scienda sunt?

quidquid dīcendum est, līberē dīcam.
Indirect Statement

Identified by its “accusative + infinitive”
construction following a verb of
sensing/stating.

The class said, “Todd is freakin’ cool.”

The class said that Todd is freakin’ cool.
Indirect Statement
The indirect statement can be thought of
as an extended direct object.
 The class said X.
 What function in the sentence does X
serve?
 So if X = that “Todd is freakin’ cool.”


The class said that Todd is freakin’ cool.
Examples

id factum esse tum nōn negāvit.

hīs rēbus prōnūntātīs, igitur, eum esse
hostem scīvistī.

crēdimus fidem antīquam omnibus
gentibus iterum alendam esse.