SG 9.2 notes
Ideas about targets and terms:________________
9.2
In the past, all living things were classified in either
the kingdom of animals or plants
Euglena are singled celled organisms in pond water
They are green, so contain ___________________,
which photosynthesize, like __________________
They also use flagella to move, and can eat food
from other organisms, like __________________
Kingdom Protista added for organisms that did not
fit into plant or animal kingdoms
Currently six kingdoms: ______________________,
__________________, ______________________,
__________________, ______________________,
__________________
Two kingdoms of prokaryotes: Archaebacteria,
Eubacteria
Archaeabacteria have been on earth at least 3
billion years, often found where other organisms
cannot live
1
SG 9.2 notes
Most other prokaryotes are Eubacteria, living in
soil, in water, on and inside organisms.
Many are helpful to other organisms and many are
harmful
Protista are unicellular or simple multicellular
organisms with eukaryotic cells that do not fit into
animal, plant or fungi kingdoms
Protists may have evolved from prokaryotes 2
billion years ago, and may be the ancestral
eukaryote that evolved into plants, animals and
fungi
Protozoa- animal like; Algae-plant like; slime molds
and water molds-fungus like
Plantae are complex multicellular producers
Fungi are consumers that break down food outside,
then absorb the nutrients
2
SG 9.2 notes
Animalia are complex multicellular consumers that
lack cell walls.
Most animals can move and have nervous systems
to sense and react to surroundings
10.1
Bacteria are smallest, simplest and most abundant
organisms
Bacteria are in two kingdoms: archaeabacteria and
eubacteria
No nucleus, but do cellular respiration, can move
around and reproduce
Binary fission is simple cell division: loop of DNA is
replicated, both loops attach to cell membrane, as
cell membrane grows, DNA separates, cell
membrane pinches inward, a new cell wall forms
between the two cells
Bacteria reproduce best at certain temperatures
with a certain amount of moisture
Some bacteria survive unfavorable environments
by growing thick protective membranes
3
These endospores can survive last millions of years
SG 9.2 notes
These endospores can survive extreme conditions
for millions of years, then break open and grow
when conditions are favorable
Most bacteria have a rigid cell wall outside
membrane that provides shape:
Bacilli are rod-shapes, which absorb nutrients well,
but dry out easily
Cocci are spherical and resist drying out
Spirilla are uncommon, long spirals that move
easily with flagella on both ends
Flagella spin like corkscrews, moving bacteria
through liquid
Kingdom Eubacteria has more organisms that any
other kingdoms
Most eubacteria are consumers, some of these are
decomposers, and others are parasites
Some of the producers use photosynthesiscyanobacteria may be ancestors of chloroplasts
4
SG 9.2 notes
Archaebacteria live where no other life can survivehot springs, thermal vents on seafloor, under 400m
of ice and 8km below earth’s surface
DNA in Archaeabacteria is different from all
Eubacteria, not all have cell walls, cell walls are
different from Eubacteria
3 main types of archaeabacteria:
Methanogens- release methane (natural gas),
found in many wet areas like swamps
Thermophiles- thermal vents on seafloor,
volcanoes, hot springs
Halophiles- live in very salty places, like Dead Sea
11.1 (244-246)
Protista are eukaryotic- have nucleus
Most unicellular, some multicellular
Other eukaryotes probably evolved from protist
ancestors
Producers and consumers
5
SG 9.2 notes
Fungus-like protists release digestive juices onto
food, then absorb nutrients
Slime molds are unicellular and grow in moist areas
in colonies, form groups with many nuclei and
shared cytoplasm, reproduce by spores
Water molds are mostly small and unicellular, some
are decomposers, but many are parasites of living
host plants, animals or fungi
Plantlike protists are producers using
photosynthesis- algae, most live in water, all have
chlorophyll, but also other pigments, some are
multicellular-kelps
250
Animal-like protists are unicellular consumers
called protozoa, some are parasites, many can
move
Grouped into amoeba-like protists, flagellates,
ciliates, spore forming protists
6
SG 9.2 notes
Amoebas live in soil, in water and as parasites in
animals, have contractile vacuoles to move water
out, move by extending cell membrane –
pseudopodia, engulf food (larger version of
endocytosis) and release waste by exocytosis
255-256
Fungi are eukaryotic consumers
Live on or near food source, release digestive juices
onto food, then absorb nutrients
Many are decomposers, some are parasites, others
are symbiotic – mycorrhizae grow on plant roots
and help roots gather water and minerals while
using sugar from plant
Some unicellular- yeasts, but most are multicellular
Hyphae are chains of cells that form long filaments
sharing cytoplasm
Mycelium are groups of hyphae that form the body
of multicellular fungi
Sexual and asexual reproduction by thick-walled
spores
7
SG 9.2 notes
261
Lichen is a symbiotic association of a fungus and a
photosynthetic partner
Fungus form body of lichen, photosynthetic partner
lives in body producing sugars for both, fungus
protects producers from drying out, gathers water
and minerals, and allows it to collect light energy
Lichens grow almost everywhere on land, even in
dry deserts and Antartica
Symbiosis means lichen only need light, air with
moisture and minerals in it, so they do not have
roots into the growing surface
Break down rocks as they grow on them, producing
soil
Sensitive to air pollution since all water and
minerals come from air
8
SG 9.2 notes
12.1
Life as we know it would be impossible without
plants
Plants make their own food in chloroplasts, using
photosynthesis
Plants have a waxy cuticle that keeps water inside
the plant on dry land
Plant have a cellulose cell wall which supports and
protects the cells and tissues, some cells develop a
secondary cell wall when they are full size
Plants reproduce with spores and sex cells in the
two parts of their life cycle: the sporophyte stage
produces spores, the gametophyte stage produces
egg and sperm cells (gametes)
Spores grow directly into new plants, sex cells must
join together in fertilization to create a zygote
(fertilized egg) that grows into a new plant
Female Gametophyte
Female spores
Male Gametophyte
Male spores
meiosis
Sporophyte
zygote
sperm
cell
egg
9
SG 9.2 notes
440 million years ago no plants lived on land
Plants and green algae (Protista) have the same
chlorophyll and similar cell walls, they both store
energy in long carbohydrates called starch, they
both have gametophyte and sporophyte stages
This evidence suggests plants evolved from green
algae
Plants are classified by characteristics:
Nonvascular
Vascular- vascular tissue
no seeds- reproduce by spores
seeds- develop from spores
flowering
non-flowering
SG 9.2 notes
14.1
Over 1 million species of animals grouped into
about 35 phyla and classes (smaller groups in
kingdom)
Animals with skull and backbone are vertebrates:
fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals
Most animals are invertebrates (no backbones):
insects, snails, jellyfish and worms (over ¼ of
animals are species of beetles)
Calculate the percentage of species in each of the
groups in figure 3 (add up all to get total # species,
then divide group # species by total):
Beetles:
Ants, bees and wasps:
Moths and butteflies:
Other insects:
Spiders and non-insect arthropods:
Jellyfish:
Other vertebrates:
Mammals:
Sponges:
Worms:
Mollusks:
Other invertebrates:
Bugs:
SG 9.2 notes
Animal characteristics:
multicellular eukaryotes without cell walls
usually reproduce sexually when egg and sperm
combine
Fertilized eggs develop into embryos
Specialized cells organized into tissues, most
animals have organs
Most animals move, and are capable of moving
quickly in a single direction
Animals are consumers