Lab # 7
Body Movements and Muscle
Histology
OBJECTIVES
1- Describe and demonstrate the different types of body
movements.
2- List the three types of muscle tissue and function of each.
3- Describe the histological appearance of each type.
4- Describe the organization of the skeletal muscle.
5- Describe the microanatomy of a muscle fiber.
6- Understand the rules that determine the name of some
muscles.
Flexion, Extension and Hyperextension
Flexion: Movement that decreases the
joint angle in hinge joints.
Extension: Movement that straightens
a joint and generally returns a body part
to the zero position.
Hip
flexion
Flexion
Knee
flexion
Extension
Lateral
flexion
Hyperextension: Further extension of a joint beyond the zero position.
Flexion and extension occur at nearly all diarthroses, hyperextension is
limited to a few joints.
Hyperextension
Hyperextension
Extension
Flexion
Abduction: Movement of a body
part in the frontal plane away
from the midline of the body.
Adduction: Movement of a body
part in the frontal plane toward
the midline of the body.
Elevation: A movement that raises a
body part vertically in the frontal plane.
Protraction: The anterior movement
of a body part in the transverse
(horizontal) plane.
Depression: A movement that lowers a
body vertically part in the frontal plane.
Retraction: The posterior movement
of a body part in the transverse
(horizontal) plane.
Supination: Forearm movement
that turns the palm to face
anteriorly or upward. The
forearm
is
supinated
in
anatomical position (the radius is
parallel to the ulna)
Pronation: Forearm movement
that turns the palm to face
posteriorly or downward. The
radius spins on the capitulum of
the humerus. The head spins in
the radial notch of ulna and the
radius crosses stationary ulna
like an X
Tendons: Narrow bands of connective
tissue that connect muscles to bone
TENDONS
Ligaments: Bands of connective
tissue that join bone to bone
LIGAMENT
Aponeuroses: Bands of
connective tissue that attach
flat muscle to another muscle
or to several bones
APONEUROSIS
Epicraneal aponeuroses
( Galea )
Lumbar aponeuroses
Abdominal aponeuroses
Muscle Tissue
MARTINI page 133
DIFFERENT TYPES OF MUSCLE
1- Skeletal muscle
2- Cardiac muscle
3- Smooth muscle
MUSCLE HISTOLOGY
Types of muscle:
Cell characteristics
1- Skeletal
Long, Cylindrical, Striated, Multinuclear
2- Cardiac
Short, Branched, Striated, Single
nucleus
3- Smooth
Single
nucleus
Short, Spindle,
Nonstriated,
Types of Muscle Tissue
Cell characteristics
Nuclei
Long, cylindrical,
unbranched striated ,
multinuclear
Skeletal
muscle
Nucleus
Striations
Intercalated
disk
Cardiac
muscle
Nucleus
Smooth
muscle
Short, branched,
striated , single nucleus,
intercalated discs
Nerve ending
Short, spindle-shaped,
non-striated , single
nucleus
Organization of the Skeletal Muscles (Unit 13, page 173)
Skeletal Muscle
Epimysium
Fascicle
Perimysium
Muscle
fiber (cell)
Endomysium
Sarcoplasm
Capillary
Nucleus
Mitochondria
Sarcolemma
Myosatellite
cell
Endomysium
They are involved
in the repair of
damaged muscle
Myofibrils
They consist of bundles
of myofilaments
(thin filaments and
thick filaments)
Axon
MUSCLE FIBER
(cell)
SKELETAL MUSCLE
Contains:
Surrounded by:
Muscle fascicles
Epimysium
MUSCLE FASCICLE
Contains:
Surrounded by:
Muscle fibers (cells)
Perimysium
MUSCLE FIBER (CELL)
Contains:
Surrounded by:
Myofibrils
Endomysium
MYOFIBRIL
Contains:
Myofilaments
MYOFILAMENTS
Thick filaments: myosin
Sarcomere
Thin filaments: actin
They are organized in
sarcomeres
Structure of the Skeletal Muscle Fiber
Mitochondria
Terminal cisterna
They
produce
the
chemical energy (ATP)
for muscle contraction.
Sarcolemma
Sarcoplasm
Thin filament
Myofibril
Thick filament
Triad
Sarcoplasmic
reticulum
They conduct the nerve impulse
It stores calcium for
T tubules from the sarcolemma to the
muscle contraction.
interior of the cell.
Sarcomere Structure
Z line
They consist of proteins called actinins,
which interconnect thin filaments of
adjacent sarcomeres.
Z line
Sarcomere
They are the smallest functional
units of the muscle fiber
M
MYOFIBRIL
line
I band (It contains
thin filaments but not
thick filaments
Zone of
overlap
H band
Zone of
overlap
A band
Myosin
Actin
(thick filaments) (thin filaments)
M line: It consists of proteins that
connect the each thick filament with
its neighbors.
I band
Z line
A band: Its length is
Zone of
overlap
H band
M line
equal to the length of
the thick filaments. It
contains both thin and
thick filaments.
H band: It is a lighter region on
either side of the M line, which
contains only thick filaments.
Zone of overlap: It is the region
where the thin filaments are situated
between the thick filaments.
Sarcomere Structure
I band
A band
Z line
H zone
Zone of overlap M line Thick filament
Sarcomere
Z line
Thin filament
The Neuromuscular Junction
Motor
neuron
Axon of motor neuron
Axon terminal
It carries the
nerve impulse.
It releases the
neurotransmitter.
Neuromuscular
junction
It is the point where the
motor neuron and the
muscle fiber meet.
Muscle cell
or fiber
Nucleus
Myofilaments
Sarcolemma
Myofibril
(They are organized
in sarcomeres)
Axon Terminal or
Synaptic Knob
Smooth E.R.
Mitochondrion
They produce the ATP for
active transport of ions
Synaptic vesicles
They contain the
neurotransmitter
Synaptic vesicles releasing the
neurotransmitter
Neuromuscular Junction and Muscle Cell or Fiber
Terminal (T) tubules They carry the nerve impulse inside the muscle cell
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
Myofibril
It stores calcium for muscle contraction
Two terminal
Triad cisternae and
one T tubule
Terminal cisternae
They store calcium for
muscle contraction
Mitochondria
They provide the energy (ATP)
for muscle contraction
Myelin sheath
Motor end plate
Synaptic cleft
Sarcolemma
Endomysium
Axon of the Junctional folds
motor neuron
Synaptic
It carries the
vesicles
nerve impulse
They contain the
neurotransmitter
Endomysium
Myofilaments
Sarcolemma
Sarcoplasm
Neuromuscular Junction and Muscle Cell or Fiber
Triad
Two terminal cisternae
and one T tubule
Myofilaments
Sarcoplasmic
reticulum
It stores calcium for
muscle contraction
Terminal
cisternae
Transverse
(T) tubules
Synaptic cleft
AXON TERMINAL
Mitochondria
They provide the
energy (ATP) for
muscle contraction
Synaptic vesicles
They contain the
neurotransmitter
Junctional
folds
They carry the nerve
impulse inside the
muscle cell
Sarcolemma
Axon of the
motor neuron
It carries the
nerve impulse
Endomysium
Myelin sheath
Neuromuscular Junction and Muscle Cell or Fiber
Sarcomeres
Superior view
Myofibrils
Neuromuscular
junction
Axon terminal
Nuclei
They release the
neurotransmitter
Axon of the
motor neuron
Sarcolemma
It carries the
nerve impulse
Sarcoplasm
Endomysium
Microstructure of the Muscle Fiber
Terminal They store calcium for
cisterna muscle contraction
Thick myofilaments
(Myosin)
Thin myofilaments
(Actin)
T tubule
They carry the nerve
impulse inside the
muscle cell
Triad
Two terminal
cisternae and
one T tubule
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
It stores calcium for
muscle contraction
Mitochondrion
They provide the energy (ATP)
for muscle contraction