KETONES
INTRODUCTION
• ketones are organic compounds which incorporate a
carbonyl functional group, C=O.
Naming ketones
• The parent compound is named for the longest
continuous chain containing the carbonyl group.
• Ketones take their name from their parent alkane chains.
• The ending -e is removed and replaced with –one.
• The chain is numbered beginning at the carbonyl group.
• The common name for ketones are simply the
substituent groups listed alphabetically + ketone.
• Some common ketones are known by their generic
names. Such as the fact that propanone is commonly
referred to as acetone.
Examples
• Write the name of the following compound.
2 – Pentanone
Or Pentan – 2 – one
• Write the name of this comppound according to IUPAC
system.
Cyclopentanone
• Draw the structure for 3-methylcyclohexanone.
• Name the following compound according to IUPAC system.
2 – methyl – 4 – Hexanone
SYNTHESIS OF KETONES
• From Lithium dialkylcuprates
The addition of a lithium dialkylcuprate (Gilman reagent)
to an acyl chloride at low temperatures produces a ketone.
This method produces a good yield of acetophenone.
• By Oxidation Of Secondary Alcohol:
Secondary alcohols like 2 – propanol can be oxidized
in the presence of strong oxidizing agents like potassium
dichromate (K2Cr2O7) to give2 – propanone.
OH
O
ǀ
ǁ
K2Cr2O7
CH3 – CH – CH3
CH3 – C – CH3
+
H
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF KETONES
• ketones are liquids, with boiling points rising as the
molecules get bigger.
• van der Waals dispersion forces in ketones get
stronger as the molecules get longer and have more
electrons.
• The small ketones are freely soluble in water but
solubility falls with chain length.
• Ketones also do not have hydrogen bonding but can
make hydrogen bonds with water.
REACTIONS OF KETONES
(CHEMAICAL PROPERTIES)
• Addition of hydrogen cyanide:
The addition of hydrogen cyanide to a carbonyl group of an aldehyde
or most ketones produces a cyanohydrin.
• Reaction with Grignard’s reagent:
Ketones react with Grignard’s reagent to produce tertiary alcohols.
OH
+ CH3 – CH2 – Mg – Cl 
+ Mg
Cl
Uses Of Ketones
• Acetone, a common ketone, is used as a
solvent for resins, lacquers, and cellulose
• Camphor, another ketone, is used in liniments
and insecticides and in the manufacture of
celluloid and lacquer.
• ketones, such as civetone, are used in making
perfumes.
• Ketones also are used in making flavorings,
dyes, chloroform, and plastics.