Lab 6: Respiratory
System
Announcements
Extra Credit Assignment
Extra Credit Quiz
Quick and Painless
Review
Where is your thymus?
What is the difference between lymph
nodules and MALT?
What is the difference between your
lymph nodes and your spleen?
Respiration Overview
Anatomy of the Respiratory System
Mathematics of the Respiratory System
How do you evaluate malfunctions in
the respiratory system?
Respiratory System
Respiratory System:
Functions?
Respiratory System
Respiratory System:
Functions?
1. Receive air for breathing
2. Exchange gases (O2. CO2) with
the blood
3. Expel modified air
Schematic of
Respiratory System
Upper Respiratory Tract
Nasal Cavity


Guard Hairs
Mucous
Oral Cavity
Pharynx



Posterior to Nasal
and Oral Cavities
Cleans Air
Intersection of
Respiratory and
Digestion
Upper Respiratory Tract
Epiglottis
Flap blocks food
from entering the
lower respiratory
tract
Larynx



9 plates of Cartilage
Large Chamber
Contains vocal cords
Anatomy of the Larynx
Anatomy of the Larynx
Intrinsic and
extrinsic muscles
in larynx pull the
cartilage
This causes the
cords to move
Males have
thicker cords
Functions of the Upper
Respiratory Tract
Cleans air
Guard hairs
 Mucus (MALT)
 Cilia

Warms air
Moistens air
Anatomy of the Lungs
Trachea


C-shaped cartilage
Mucociliary escalator
Primary Bronchi


Cartilage
Right wider than left
Secondary Bronchi
Tertiary Bronchi

More branches on right
Mucociliary Escalator
Muscus
Traps particles
Cilia
Move particles up
toward pharynx
Lower Respiratory Tract
Bronchioles



Small – 1mm or less
No longer contain cartilage
Continue Branching
Terminal Bronchioles


Last passages before aveoli
Still have Cilia
Alveoli – where gas exchange occurs

Phagocytosis removes small particles
Lower Respiratory Tract
Convey air to alveoli
Clean air and remove particles by
mucociliary elevator
Macrophages in aveoli phagocytize
foreign particles – last line of defense
Dynamic Human
Anatomy
Airflow in the Lungs
1º Bronchi
2 º Bronchi
3 º Bronchi
Bronchioles
Terminal
Bronchioles
Alveolus
GAS EXCHANGE
with Capillary Bed
Mechanism of Airflow
Airflow is a result in changes of
pressure between two systems
System 1: the outer atmosphere
 System 2: the pressure within the alveoli

How does pressure change within the
alveoli?
Mechanisms of Airflow
How does pressure change within the
alveoli?

Boyles Law: P  1/V
(Changes in Volume result in changes in
Pressure!!!!!)
How does volume change within the
alveoli?
Mechanism of Airflow
How does volume change within the alveoli?
Inspiration


The diaphragm expands the thoracic cavity during
quiet inspiration
Deep inspiration is aided by the pectoralis minor,
the sternocleidomastoid and the erector spinae
muscles (external intercostals)
Mechanism of Airflow
Expiration
Quiet Breathing: Volume changes are not
caused by muscular contraction, rather the
elasticity of the lungs and ribs
 Deep expiration: internal intercostals,
abdominal muscles

Alveolar Gas Exhange
O2 loads into RBC; CO2 unloads into
the alveoli
Factors involved:
Concentration gradients
 Solubility in H2O
 Membrane thickness
 Membrane area

Alveoli
Oxygen Transport and
Carbon Monoxide
Oxygen is carried through the blood
stream by hemoglobin
Carbon Monoxide binds to hemoglobin
200x better.
Carbon Monoxide
Sources?
Carbon Monoxide
Sources?
 Car
Exhaust
 Cigarette
Smoke
Smoking
Chronic bronchitis,
emphysema, and
cancer
Over 2000 chemicals in
tobacco smoke.
What gives the lung at
the top its dark color?
Carcinogens in Tobacco
Carcinogen: substance that increases
the potential for tumor growth
50 carcinogens in smoke (2 radioactive)
eg.- Nicotine, Formaldehyde
Implicated in 90% of lung cancers
Dynamic Human
Mechanics of Breathing, Gas
Exchange, and Carbon Monoxide
Spirometry
Spirometry
Respiratory volumes




tidal volume: air inhaled or exhaled in one quiet
breath
inspiratory reserve volume: air in excess of tidal
inspiration that can be inhaled with maximum
effort
expiratory reserve volume: air in excess of tidal
expiration that can be exhaled with maximum
effort
residual volume: air remaining in lungs after
maximum expiration, keeps alveoli inflated
Spirometry Exercise
Each group is to measure one members
tidal and expiratory reserve volume.
Record on front board, indicating
gender.
After all groups are done, average total
to get class average tidal and expiratory
reserve volume and compare to known
averages.
Bronchioscopy
Flexible tube with camera attached
Used to identify blockages in bronchi
and to biopsy tumors/growths
Dynamic Human
Spirometry and Bronchoscopy
Asthma
Inflammation reaction in the lung
caused by and allergen
Results in bronchoconstriction and
sometimes suffocation
Treatments for Asthma
Inhalers – daily or rescue
Albuterol
 Vanceril

Pills - daily
Accolade
 Singular

Injection or Nebulizer - rescue

Ephinedrine
Gross Anatomy
Human/Cow



Trachea
Primary Bronchi
Lungs



How many lobes?
Larynx
Epiglottis
Cat

Left and right lungs




How many lobes?
Trachea
Primary Bronchi
Larynx