SKELETAL SYSTEM GUIDED NOTES
Name: ____________________________ Class: _______
What are the functions of bones?
1. __________________
2. _________________
Examples:



3. ________________. Bones serve as an attachment site for muscles; which use bones like levers for movement.
4. ________________. __________________________________________________________________________
5. ______________________________. White and red blood cells form within the ___________________ of the
long and flat bones.
Classifying bones by shape
__________________ bones are bones
embedded within ____________________.
The _____________________is the largest
example.
Sesamoid bones are a type of short bone.
Structure of the long bone
 The _______________________ is the shaft.

The ______________________ are the ends

__________________________________ are
plates of hyaline cartilage found near the ends
of growing bones. In adults, this cartilage is
completely replaced by bone, forming the
__________________________________.
 The epiphyses are covered with
__________________________________ –
provides a smooth, surface for joints.
 The diaphysis is covered with the ________________________________, a fibrous connective tissue
 Inside the diaphysis is the ___________________________________________.
 In adults, the medullary cavity is filled with __________________________ (function:
__________________________________)
 In infants, the medullary cavity is filled with _______________________________ (function: to
______________________________________)
 Fun fact: In adults, the yellow marrow of the medullary cavity can convert to red marrow in cases of
severe anemia.
Name two ways the structure of the long bone varies by age.
1)
2)
Classifying bones by tissue type
There are two types of bone tissue: __________________________ and ___________________________bone.
Most bones contain both tissues types, in different locations.
In irregular, flat, and short bones, the _________________________ is exterior and the
_____________________________________ is interior.
Long bones are mostly compact; in long bones
the spongy tissue is found only in the
___________________________________
(ends) of the bones.
Microscopic Structure: Compact Bone
 Even compact bone is not solid! It has many, many channels for blood vessels, nerves, nutrients and wastes.
 Basic unit of structure: ___________________________
 Consists of a __________________________________________ and _______________ (rings of calcium
salts)
 Between lamellae are cavities called ____________________________. The ______________________
(mature bone cells) are found in the lacunae.
 Transport system:
 Blood vessels and nerves grow through ___________________________ (long axis) and
______________________ (short axis)
 ________________________(tiny channels) branch from central canals to all lacunae
Think, Pair, Share: Explain why an excellent transport system is vital to the functioning of bone.
Microscopic Structure: Spongy Bone
All you need to know is that
1) Spongy bone is much less dense
2) Spongy bone contains red marrow, which
functions to produce blood.
Major Bones of the Skeletal System
Which bones do you need to know? Diagram 5.6 (page 125), Diagram 5.7 (page 126), Diagram 5.11 (page 129), Diagram
5.14 (page 131), Diagram 5.19 (page 135), Diagram 5.23 (page 142)
Human Skeleton
Memory Hints
Lateral view of the human skull
_______________________ are immovable
_________________ that connect the bones
of the skull.
____________________ are projections that
act as sites for
_________________________________
A ______________________ is a canal.
External auditory meatus leads to the ear
drum.
Anterior view of human skull
___________________ are small openings
in bone for the ______________________
__________________________.
A ____________________ is an arm-like
projection of a bone that helps form a joint.
Vertebral Column
The vertebral column consists of 33 bones that ____________________________ and
________________________________________.
The vertebral column is divided into different regions. The regions have different curves
and different shapes to the vertebrae.
The individual cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae are separated by fibrocartilage pads
called _________________________________.
A slipped (_______________________) disc occurs when an intervertebral disc slides out of
place, pressing on a nerve.
Bony thorax
Consists of _____________, _______________, and ___________
______________
Sternum is three bones fused together.
Has important ‘landmarks’
•
•
Jugular notch
Sternal angle
In order to diagnose certain blood disorders, doctors perform a
___________________________ by inserting a needle into the sternum
to obtain red marrow.
There are three types of ribs.
______________________ connect ____________________ to the sternum by a cartilaginous joint.
______________________ connect ____________________ to the sternum (or not at all). The last two false ribs are
called ‘______________________________’ because they do not connect to the sternum at all.
Pelvic Girdle
The pelvic girdle is composed of two ______
______________, _____________, and
________________________.
Each hip bone is composed of three
different bones:
•
______________ (most lateral bone
– the ‘hips’)
•
_____________ (most anterior –
these fuse at a joint called pubic
symphysis
•
______________ – most inferior
Differences between male and female pelvic girdles
Females pelvises ….
Males pelvises ….
BONE GROWTH AND REMODELING
Mnemonic:
Osteocyte –
Osteoblast –
Osteoclast –
Bone growth and development
•
Embryonic skeleton (A) is made of ___________________________________
•
As a fetus (B),
•
Osteoblasts form a _________________________________ around the diaphysis
•
Osteoclasts ____________________________ in center of diaphysis
•
Osteoblasts _____________________________________________ in the diaphysis
•
Cartilage in other areas continues to _______________________
•
As a newborn (C),
•
•
______________________________________________________________
•
______________________________________________________________
Throughout childhood (D) and adolescence (E)
•
___________________________________________________________________
•
___________________________________________________________________ (compact in
diaphysis and spongy in epiphyses)
Growth in bone length
Epiphyseal end of growth plate
•
____________________ on the side
of the epiphyseal plate close to the
end of the bone _______________ _
_____________________________
Diaphysis end of growth plate
•
________________ on the side of
the epiphyseal plate close to the
diaphysis ___________________
___________________________
•
Osteoblasts develop spongy bone
around the dying cartilage
•
Osteoclasts dissolve the dead
cartilage
Bone growth in width
•
•
•
•
Bones grow in width using a process called _____________________________
Osteoblasts ___________________________ secrete bone matrix
Osteoclasts _________________________________ dissolve bone, enlarging the cavity.
The osteoblasts create new bone at a slightly faster rate than the osteoblasts destroy
bone. This means the bones get wider and slightly thicker as they grow.
Think, Pair, Share
Where in the bone does bone deposition (bone building) occur?
Where does cartilage grow?
Where is bone resorbed?
Regulation of Bone Growth
Hormones regulate bone growth during youth.
•
________________________ (secreted by pituitary) is the primary hormone responsible for bone
growth in infancy and childhood
•
_________________________________ (secreted by testes / ovaries)
•
Cause a growth spurt in adolescence
•
Cause the masculinization / feminization of the skeleton
•
Later cause epiphyseal plate closure
Although most bones stop growing in late teens, some of your facial bones (e.g. nose, jaw) grow throughout
life.
Compared to females, male skeletons have
•
•
•
•
Heavier bones
Enlarged rib cages
Smaller pelvic opening
Larger brow, mandible, and occipital protuberance
Regulation of Bone Remodeling
Bone remodeling is controlled by two factors:
•
_______________________________________________________________ – determines
________________________more deposition or resorption occurs
•
______________________________________________ – determines __________________ more bone
is needed
Although the role of mechanical stress (how much tension and compression bones experience) is not fully
understood we do know that:
•
_________________________________________________________________
•
__________________________________________________________________
JOINTS
Joints occur where two or more bones join together, or ________________________
 Functions:

__________________________________________

__________________________________________
 The structure of the joint determines the ______________ and __________________________ allowed
TYPES OF JOINTS
 Fibrous Joints

Bones joined by fibrous tissue

Essentially __________________________

Examples: _____________________________________________________
 Cartilaginous Joints

Bones are connected by cartilage

_________________________ or ___________________________________

Examples:
 Synovial Joints

Bones are connected by a joint cavity containing synovial fluid

‘freely’ moveable
SYNOVIAL JOINT STRUCTURE
 Structures which facilitate movement


_______________________________ lines the ends of the bones, reducing friction

_________________________________ lines the inside of the joint capsule, reducing friction

________________________________ fills the joint cavity, reducing friction and acting as a shock
absorber
Structures which hold the bones together

___________________________ made of fibrous connective tissue surrounds ends of bones

__________________________ made of dense connective tissue connect the two bones are reinforce
the joint capsule
TYPES OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS
The shape of synovial joints determines the allowable movements.
Plane joints
 ______________________________________________
 Can move __________________ only
Example: the vertebral arches
Pivot joints
 _____________________________________________________ Example: the radioulnar joint
Hinge Joints
 allow ___________________________________________________ Example: humeroulnar joint
Saddle Joints
 allow ______________________________and _________________________________motion
 ______________________________________________________________________________
 Ex: carpometacarpal joint of thumb
Condyloid Joints (aka Ellipsoid)
 allow ______________________________and _________________________________motion
 ______________________________________________________________________________
 Ex: atlanto-occipital joint
Ball-and-socket joints
 allow __________________________ and _________________________________ and
____________________________
 Ex: shoulder (humerus – scapula)
Use the movement to Guess the Joint Type!
 Atlanto-axial joint (first two cervical vertibrae) Intercarpal joints
 Interphalangeal joints
 Tibia-talar joint
 Acetobular-femoral joint
 Metacarpalphalangeal joint